2 20 Struggle for Existence and Rivalry 



ual competition for personal pleasure, profit, gain, victory, 

 etc. It is, so far as the actual contest goes, similar to the 

 second form of struggle for existence ; but it is narrower, 

 since it includes only those cases in which the individuals 

 are directly and consciously exerting themselves against 

 each other. It is, therefore, always a psychological fact, 

 as a Httle further analysis will show. 



The psychological factors involved include : (a) the par- 

 ticular impulse appealed to to excite the effort — whether 

 * desire of being a cause ' (Groos), called in the older 

 English literature * love of power ' ; desire to gain advan- 

 tage, — pleasure, reward, gratified pride, etc., — earlier 

 designated * love of gain ' ; intellectual exercise — play of 

 the faculties ; or other. Any or all of these enter in cases 

 of personal rivalry ; and in adult life probably there are 

 also in many instances reflective motives, such as pure love 

 of success, love of the game as such, malice toward com- 

 petitors and jealousy of them. {J?) The psychological 

 requisites of the personal-rivalry situation as a whole. 

 These are those of the social bond, in which the self and 

 the other {ego and alter) are held in a common network of 

 social relationships within which the contest takes place, 

 and by which its rules and conditions are prescribed. 

 This, it is well to note, involves as much cooperation as 

 competition. The rivalry is never entirely rivalry, and it 

 could not be rivalry at all, in the more complex cases, but 

 for the great mass of cooperative thinking, feeHng, and 

 action which precedes and conditions it. In short, per- 

 sonal rivalry involves an essentially cooperative factor ; it 

 implies a social situation in which, it is true, the pole of 

 self -emphasis, assertion, and even aggression is very promi- 

 nent, but in which, nevertheless, that is only one pole of 



