44 HAY AND FODDER. 



and body tissues. In some cases the ears, eyelids, lips 

 and nose swell. In addition there is cerebral excitement, 

 gnashing of the teeth, pain in the posterior region of the 

 body, diarrhoea, and sometimes blood, bile and albumen 

 in the urine- This disease is supposed to be caused by 

 a substance to which the name ictrogen has been given. 

 It is believed that ictrogen is produced by micro-organ- 

 isms living on the Lupine leaves, and this theory is 

 strengthened by the fact that while Lupines in some fields 

 produce the disease, those of the same species in other 

 locations are harmless. Lupinosis is very rare in Am- 

 erica if, indeed, it ever occurs here. Dr. A. D. Knowles 

 of Butte, Montana, had cases where some of the symp- 

 toms were present in horses. 



In eastern North America only a few species of Lupine 

 are found, L. perennis being most common, but in the 

 The Plant west ^ ey are very plentiful. Rydberg lists 

 eighty species from the plains and mountains. 

 They grow most frequently on dry hillsides and are often 

 cut for hay. When fed to animals it is essential that no 

 seeds be included. 



They grow in tufts from a perennial root, and are 

 easily recognized by the more or less wheel-shaped, pal- 

 mately compound leaves, of entire, oblanceolate leaflets- 

 The purple or whitish pea-shaped flowers are in loose 

 spikes. The keel of the flower is scythe-shaped and 

 pointed, and the filaments of the stamens are united to 

 form a complete sheath about the ovary. The anthers are 

 alternately oblong and roundish. The pod resembles 

 that of the pea, and is often knotted by constrictions be- 

 tween the seeds. 



Lupines are easily eradicated by cultivation, but their 

 destruction in uncultivated land is impracticable where 

 they are present in quantity. 



