101 



or to the outside, between the bladder and the sac en~ 

 closing it. Some of them are barren (acephalocysts),. 

 many of them form scolices or produce brood capsules,, 

 while others give rise to a third generation of productive- 

 cysts. The original primary bladder or cyst may decay ^ 

 and the whole brood of cysts is then enclosed by the " spuri- 

 ous capsule." 



By this prolific multiplication of scolex-forming cysts, 

 thousands of potential tapeworms result from one Echino- 

 coccus. The eggs or embryos, from the ripe proglottids 

 voided by dogs, get spread about everywhere, into water^. 

 on food (N.B., water-cress), etc.; and being commonly 

 upon the lips, tongue, and coat of the dog, they are also- 

 transmitted directly to human beings through contact 

 (e.g., handling and fondling dogs). Gaining entry to the 

 stomach, they reach the liver and other parts via the, 

 blood system. 



The tapeworm stage does not occur in Man ; the larva, 

 the echinococcus, produces dangerous disease. 



What is a Multilocular Echinococcus ? 



A large composite mass of small cysts united together 

 by connective tissue, some of which contain one or more 

 scolices. Echinococcus multilocularis occurs in the ox. 

 and other ruminants, and in Man. It is most frequent in. 

 the liver ; and it produces disease invariably fatal. 



Write a short Description of Bothriocephalus latus, its Dis- 

 tinguishing Features and its Life- History. 



Bothriocephalus or Dibothriocephalus latus (the Broad 

 Tapeworm) is a parasite in the small intestine of Man. 

 It is frequent in Russia, Germany, and other parts of 

 Europe. It varies in length from about ten to thirty feet. 

 The scolex is club-shaped and has, instead of suckers, 

 two elongated grooves (bothria). It has no booklets, there- 

 fore it is an unarmed tapeworm. 



Ripe portions, consisting of several proglottids, are 

 evacuated ; but before that occurs, most of the eggs escape 

 into the intestine (the uterus has an external opening),, 

 and they are voided with the faeces. 



