NEMATOCERA. 37 
in 1776 in America, and was said to have been imported by the 
Hessian troops, but this is most improbable. On the American 
continent it has flourished far more than in Europe, where it was 
first detected in 1834 in the Island of Minorca. According to Dr. 
Lindeman* it appeared in Russia in 1880. 
It is found also in Germany, Austria-Hungary, France, Italy, and 
Sweden. 
In England its first recorded occurrence was in 1886,f when in 
July of that year “‘flax-seed ” puparia were sent to Miss Ormerod 
from Hertford. Since then the attack has been shown to range from 
Cromarty to the Moray Firth and down the east coast‘of England to 
Kent. In Scotland it has been discovered in Lothian, Perthshire, 
Haddington, and Berwickshire ; attacks have also been recorded from 
Northumberland. As we pass in a southerly direction the attack 
widens out. Lincolnshire, Cambridgeshire, Huntingdonshire, Bed- 
fordshire, and in some places in Northamptonshire it has been 
prolific. In Hertfordshire and some of the eastern counties very 
heavy attacks have also been recorded. 
In Hampshire it has appeared at Petersfield and Lymington ; 
at Goring Heath, in Oxfordshire ; at Salisbury, and in Kent and 
Surrey. This is a somewhat curious distribution, it seems, to keep 
to the sea-coast as much as possible. Perhaps Cambridgeshire and 
Lincolnshire have suffered from the worst attacks. 
In Ireland it has not yet appeared, and not farther north in 
Scotland than Cromarty, no records coming from Caithness or 
Orkney. | 
This fly is subject to a number of parasites, and by their study we 
can safely assume that the Hessian-fly was imported into England 
from Russia, or is at least of European origin. The study of these 
parasites has been ably worked out by Lindeman? and Riley.§ The 
latter entomologist expressed an opinion that the parasites in England 
would be shown to be of Russian or European origin, and such is 
the case. 
The following are Russian parasites : 
Merisus intermedius, Tetrastichius Riceyi, Eupelmus karschit, Platy- 
* Bulletin de Ja Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscow, 1887. 
y+ “Hessian- Fly in Britain: Life-History.” mtomologist, 1887. Mr. 
Verrall does not consider the Hessian-fly a recent introduction, but had probably 
been here for a great number of years.—Prof. Riley considers that it has been re- 
cently introduced. It was not recorded by Banks, Curtis, Westwood, or Kirby, 
and by no economic entomologists—zvde #ut., 1887, p. 327—but noticed by the 
founder at least eleven years ago, in the February number, 1876. 
t Die Pteromalion der Hessenfliege von Prof. Lindeman. Moscow, 1887. 
§ Proc, of U.S.A. National Museum, 1885 (Parasites of the Hessian-F ly). 
