THE CHIRONOMIDA. 205 
The segments have two sets of sets, and one (the posterior) four 
to six in number. But most singular of all is the curious action of 
the mandibles and their position, far differing from those shown in 
my larva above (fig. i.), which meet on the horny-toothed plate 
below the mouth. These mandibles work in an upright way, seem- 
ing to retract for the straight down stroke. As Mr. Hammond says, 
“they work in longitudinal, vertical, and parallel planes, like the 
hooklets of the maggot of the Blow-fly.” The head is much 
narrowed, to allow of some freedom of movement in the close 
quarters in which it resides. (Swainson. ) 
Literature on the Chironomide. 
. Linnza Entomologica, vi. 15, 1, 1852 (Ceratopogon). Winnertz. 
. Illiger’s Magaz., ii. 261 (Ceratopogon). Meigen. 
Dip. Scand., ix. (Cevatopogon). Zetterstedt. 
Neue dipterol. Beitr., iv. 23. Loew. 
Ent. Mag., i. 152, 154, and ii. 148, 1833 (C. gracilis). Haliday. 
. Ins. Brit., 3, 238 (C. ¢eniatus). Walker. 
. Kroj. Tidskr., ill. 592, 2. Staeger. 
Nat. Hist. Review, ii., proc. 62, 2 (Clunio). Haliday. 
g. Verhandl. d. zool. bot. Verens., vi. 216, 1856 (C/unio). Schiner. 
ro. Verh. d. z. b. Verens., vi. 216 (Zhalassomyta). Schiner. 
11. Ent. Mo. Mag., 1884 (Zhalassomyia Frauenfeldi). Ridley. 
12. Syst. Beschr., i. 1818 (Chironomus). Meigen. 
13. Illiger’s Magaz., il. 260, 1803 (Chironomus). Meigen. 
14. Fauna Suec., 1758 (1761) (C. plumosus). Linné. 
15. Kroj. Tidskr., ii. 598 (Chzronomus). Staeger. 
16. Tijdschrift, v. Ent. v. 17, p. 132 (Cvricotopus, Orthocladius, 
Camptocladius, and other new genera). Van. d. Wulp. 
17. Syst. Beschr., vii. 12 (1838) (Diamesa). Meigen. 
18. Ins. Brit., iii. 194 (D. Chiron., etc.). Walker. 
1g. Illiger’s Magaz., ii. 261, 1803 (Zanypus). Meigen. 
20. Monogr. Tanypodum Suecicz, 1823. Fries. 
21. Encephalous Larvze, Pro. Roy. Soc., Copenhagen. Meinert. 
22. Proc. Lin. Soc., 1875-80, p. liii. (Zanypus larva). Hammond. 
23. Entomologist (the “ Bloodworm ”), xi., pp. 261-263. EE. Cox. 
24. Science Gossip, xiv., pp. 269, 270. E. Cox. 
25. Verh. Ver. Hamb., iv., p. 6 (Meta. of Ceratopogon and Tanypus). 
Geikie. 
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