396 VINEGAR, CIDER, AND FRUIT-WINES. 



upon the bottom of the pan, and thus the smaller pipes have a 

 space of } inch underneath their outer surfaces. 



The apple-juice conies from the storage tank in a continuous 

 stream about f inch in diameter. Steam is introduced to the 

 large or manifold tubes, and from them distributed through the 

 smaller ones at a pressure of from 25 to 30 Ibs. per inch. Trap- 

 valves are provided for the escape of water formed by condensa- 

 tion within the pipes. 



The primary object of the defecator is to remove all impurities 

 and perfectly clarify the liquid passing through it. 



All portions of pomace and other minute particles of foreign 

 matter, when heated, expand and float in the form of scum upon 

 the surface of the juice. An ingeniously contrived floating rake 

 drags off this scum and delivers it over the side of the pan. To 

 facilitate this removal, one side of the pan, commencing at a point 

 just below the surface of the juice, is curved gently outward and 

 upward, terminating in a slightly inclined plane, over the edge 

 of which the scum is pushed by the rake into a trough and car- 

 ried away. 



A secondary purpose served by the defecator is that of reducing 

 the juice by evaporation to a partial syrup of the specific gravity 

 of about 20 B. When of this consistency the liquid is drawn 

 from the bottom and the less agitated portion of the defecator by 

 a syphon and thence carried to the evaporator, which is located 

 upon the same framework and just below the defecator. 



The evaporator consists of a separate system of six copper tubes, 

 each 12 feet long and 3 inches in diameter. These are jacketed, 

 or inclosed in an iron pipe of 4 inches internal diameter, fitted 

 with steam-tight collars so as to leave half an inch space sur- 

 rounding the copper tubes. The latter are open at both ends, 

 permitting the admission and egress of the syrup and the escape 

 of the steam caused by evaporation therefrom, and are arranged 

 upon the frame so as to have a very slight inclination downward 

 in the direction of the current, and each nearly underneath its 

 predecessor in regular succession. Each is connected by an iron 

 supply-pipe, having a steam-gauge or indicator attached, with a 

 large manifold, and that by other pipes with a steam boiler of 30 

 horse-power capacity. 



