66 THE MODERN MILK PROBLEM 



has a justified place in the supervision of milk supplies. 

 But, owing to the work of the past, heavy penalties, 

 and the ease with which adulteration and the use of 

 preservatives can be detected, the period of extensive 

 adulteration is over, and the matter is now one of little 

 significance. It has always been, too, a question of 

 fraud rather than of health.* 



The logical development of these early efforts at 

 milk control was the adoption of chemical standards, 

 which will be considered later. 



THE BEGINNINGS OF THE CLEAN MILK 

 MOVEMENT 



For many years milk supply reform was summed up 

 hi the movement for " clean milk," which may be de- 

 fined as milk from healthy cows, handled throughout 

 under sanitary conditions to be obtained by means of 

 inspection. Bacteriological examination became its 

 indispensable gauge, and later there was added to the 

 ideal the tuberculin test for dairy cows. Under the 

 influence of the movement the dairy score card for in- 

 spection developed. This was an ideal of fresh raw 

 milk; hence many of its adherents, until recently at 

 least, have minimized or opposed pasteurization, thus 

 giving rise to a controversy, now largely adjusted to 

 which we shall again allude under the latter head. 



Attention was drawn to milk as a vehicle of infec- 

 tion, through a study, laid before the International 

 Medical Congress of 1881 by Mr. Ernest Hart, sum- 



* Dr. Charles V. Chapin, in a recently devised scale of sanitary values 

 totalling 100, assigns to milk adulteration a value of but 0.3. (See 

 p. 61.) 



