APPENDIX E 239 



culin tested clean raw milk for its supply. Concerning the 

 introduction of the tuberculin test Mr. Gray writes: 



We had practically no real difficulty. The campaign for tuber- 

 culin-testing, with pasteurization as an alternative, was gradual, 

 and began shortly after the very severe milk-borne epidemic of 

 typhoid fever in 1903. At that time the Board of Health employed 

 a veterinarian to tuberculin-test the various dairy herds. There 

 was no local authority, however, to compel the elimination of re- 

 actors, some of the dairymen getting rid of them and some retaining 

 them. At this time most of the milk sold at from 5c. to 6c. a quart, 

 retailed. 



This test, however, called the attention of the local public to the 

 situation, and several of our more progressive dairymen began the 

 annual testing of their cows and advertised the fact, obtaining a 

 higher price for their milk. As time went on, more of them followed 

 suit. 



The history of the campaign for better milk is summarized 

 as follows: 



Near the end of 1910 under a new city charter, the Board of Pub- 

 lic Safety installed a modern health department, directed by a non- 

 medical but technically trained health officer, who began an ag- 

 gressive campaign for a better milk supply. The great majority of 

 dairymen tested their herds, and when the writer took office at the 

 beginning of 1914, there were only three large and one small dairies 

 remaining untested, and of these one large dairy had tested, but 

 had not excluded the reactors. 



About the middle of 1914 ... I obtained from the City Council 

 an ordinance compelling either tuberculin-testing or pasteurization. 

 For a while some pasteurized milk was sold in Palo Alto, but event- 

 ually this was discontinued for the reason that the public preferred 

 the raw milk. 



I am very aware of the great merit of pasteurization as a measure 

 of safety against milk-borne epidemics in cities where a close super- 

 vision of the milk supply is not possible. In Palo Alto, however, 

 we are able to supervise our dairymen so closely that the danger 

 of milk-borne epidemics is practically negligible. As a further pro- 



