MAKING MONEY OUT OP WASTE 15 



brushes and combs, mirrors, household necessaries such as 

 handles for tools, leather for harness and luggage covers. 

 Even the teeth are fashioned into studs and buttons. A list 

 of the slaughter-house by-products which are now utilized 

 for commercial purposes includes hair, bristles, blood, 

 bones, horns, hoofs, glands, and membranes from which 

 are obtained pepsin, thymus, thyroids, pancreatin, parotid 

 substances, and suprarenal capsules gelatin, glue, fertili- 

 zers, hides, skins, wool, intestines, neat's foot oil, soap stock, 

 glycerin from tallow, brewer's isinglass, and albumen. 

 Albumen is obtained from the blood of the slaughtered 

 animals, and is used by calico printers, tanners, sugar re- 

 finers, and others. The bones coming from cooked meat are 

 boiled, and the fat and gelatin which result are used, the 

 former to make soap, the latter for transparent coverings 

 for chemical preparations, and for other purposes. The 

 uncooked bones are used in a variety of ways. From the 

 bones of the feet of cattle are made the handles of tooth- 

 brushes and knives, chessmen, and nearly every article for 

 which ivory is suitable. Combs, the backs of brushes, and 

 large buttons are made from horns, which are split and 

 rolled flat by heat and pressure. 



Hoofs are utilized according to their color. White hoofs 

 are exported largely to Japan, to be made into various 

 ornaments and imported back as " Japanese art objects." 

 From striped hoofs buttons and horn ornaments are made ; 

 while black hoofs find service in the manufacture of cyanide 

 of potassium for the extraction of gold, and are also ground 

 up as fertilizer. From the feet neat's foot oil is extracted, 

 and from various other portions of the body various other 

 oils, all of which are highly valuable. Substitutes for 

 butter, such as butterin and oleomargarin, are made by 

 utilizing the fat of beef and hogs. 



In the textile industry the making of value out of waste 

 has been truly remarkable. In the modern woolen factory 

 no fewer than five products are obtained by methods now 

 in vogue, from the greasy excretions which, after circu- 



