ELECTROCHEMISTRY 165 



supplanted entirely by electric furnace steel of equal qual- 

 ity, made and sold much more cheaply. 



The electric furnaces used are of almost all types. The 

 induction furnace was developed commercially by Kjellin 

 in Sweden, improved, enlarged and greatly developed by 

 his associates in Germany, combined with the Colby pattern 

 in America, and still further modified by Hiorth in Nor- 

 way. Thirty-six of these furnaces, the maximum capacity 

 being one at Krupp 's works at Essen, Sy 2 tons at a charge, 

 are now built or building. The American Electric Furnace 

 Company is organized to push their building and operation 

 in America. The arc radiation furnace was developed by 

 Major Stassano, an Italian artillery officer. It melts by 

 heat radiated from powerful electric arcs. Several of these 

 are in operation in Europe, and a gentleman managing one 

 of the large American steel companies, who has just re- 

 turned from an inspection of the different electric steel 

 furnaces operating in Europe, tells me that he considered 

 the Stassano furnace as doing the best work all around, of 

 all the furnaces he saw in operation. I have seen this fur- 

 nace operating smoothly and regularly, in Turin, produc- 

 ing steel for castings which were being sold in competition 

 with open-hearth and Bessemer steel castings in the open 

 market. The single arc furnace is best illustrated by the 

 Girod furnace which is built like the body of an open- 

 hearth furnace with the electric current entering the bath 

 by carbon electrodes suspended above it and springing arcs 

 to it while the current leaves the bath through metallic 

 conductors passing through the saucer-shaped hearth below 

 the level of the metallic surface. These furnaces work 

 with great regularity, and a large number are operating 

 in Europe in capacities up to 12 tons each. I am informed 

 that the Krupp works at Essen has just contracted to put 

 in five of these of the 12-ton size, which would confirm 

 statements made to me by my European friends that this 

 furnace is working the best of all the electric steel furnaces 

 now operating in Europe. The double arc furnace, of 



