l86 INTRODUCTION 



relations of the ' reals ' to one another are, again, due to 

 the possibility of conceiving the ' reals ' as both together 

 in one point and apart from one another. Accordingly 

 the soul, being a ' real/ must not be represented as having 

 in itself powers, faculties, qualities, &c. It is absolutely 

 simple, and has nothing but * self-preservation,' which 

 apparently is little more than a permanent possibility of 

 relation to other 'reals.' None of the functions and 

 characteristics of mind belong to it intrinsically. They 

 are to be ascribed to other things, quite as much as 

 to the mind or soul itself. They are merely names 

 for the phenomena or aspects of certain ; reals ' (one of 

 which is the soul) in certain relations to one another. 

 These phenomenal (of course, not real) interactions of 

 the ' reals ' admit of mathematical calculation, and 

 accordingly Herbart is the father of those who apply 

 mathematical methods in empirical psychology 1 . This 

 is natural in one whose thought is so completely 

 dominated by the abstract use of the principle of contra- 

 diction. And, in short, if we leave out of account the 

 influence of Fichte upon his psychology, we may regard 

 Herbart's work as a remodelling of that of Leibniz, on the 

 supposition that the principle of sufficient reason is to be 

 dropped. 



Hegel's Solution of the Dualism in Leibniz. 



In the philosophy of Hegel we have a solution of the 

 dualism between the principle of contradiction and that 

 of sufficient reason, as they are used and conceived by 

 Leibniz. The problem indicated by this dualism under- 

 lies the whole course of German speculation from the 

 time of Leibniz onwards. Wolff, in a negative way, gave 



1 His application of mathematical methods, however, differs 

 entirely from that which occurs in the psycho-physics of the 

 Fechner School, and in modern physiological psychology. For 

 a full explanation, see Wallace, Hegel's Philosophy of Mind, pp. Ixviii 

 sqq. It may also be noted that Leibniz's theories regarding un- 

 conscious and petites perceptions are developed and applied in the 

 psychology of Herbart. 



