190 INTRODUCTION 



at this point between the attitude of Hegel and that of 

 Leibniz is due to the fact that while Leibniz interprets 



* perception ' as that which it is in its lowest form (mere 

 1 representation ' or ' expression '), and regards conscious- 

 ness and self-consciousness as developments from it by 

 increase or addition, Hegel interprets ' representation ' or 

 relation in general as being essentially that which it is 

 in its highest form (self -consciousness), and regards the 

 lower forms as * abstract ' or incomplete foreshadowings, 

 undeveloped expressions of it. For Hegel as for Leibniz 

 the universe is organic throughout. No part of it is 

 actually other than self-determined, for the unity of the 

 whole and its parts is absolutely complete, so that no part 

 can be conceived as having any reality by itself. Leibniz 

 holds that the Monads must be conceived on the 'analogy' of 

 the soul. Hegel insists on a unity which is closer than mere 

 analogy, and which, at the same time, expresses itself in 

 the greatest possible variety ; he regards self-consciousness, 

 explicitly or implicitly, as the reality of every part, every 

 member or organ, of the whole. In short, it may be 

 said that in Leibniz's account of simple substance we have 

 the first suggestion of the transition from substance to 

 subject (as the ultimate reality of things), which is brought 

 to completion by Hegel '. 



Lotze's Reconstruction of the Hypotheses of Leibniz. 



It seemed to Lotze that the ' bold Monism ' of Hegel 



* undertook far more than human powers can achieve,' 

 although 'its leading idea by no means loses its value 

 through the great defects in its execution V This ' leading 

 idea ' was in Lotze's opinion the * reconciliation of oppo- 

 sites,' the overcoming of the contradictions in thought by 

 bringing all knowledge to systematic unity. But Lotze's 



1 Cf. generally Caird, Critical Philosophy of Kant, vol. ii. bk. i. 

 ch. 12, especially pp. 62 sqq. See also Monadology, 30. 



2 Lotze, Metaphysic, bk. i. ch. 7, 88 (Eng. Tr., vol. i. p. 206). 



