



, ^^L^^ . 



THE MONADOLOGY 253 



62. Thus, although each created Monad represents the 

 whole universe, it represents more distinctly the body 

 which specially pertains to it, and of which it is the 

 entelechy 100 ;land as this body expresses the whole uni- 

 verse through the connexion of all matter in the plenum, j[ 

 the soul also represents the whole universe in representing 



this body, which belongs to it in a special way. (Theod. 



400.) 



63. The body belonging to a Monad (which is its 

 entelechy or its soul) constitutes along with the ente- 

 lechy what may be called a living being, and along with 

 the soul what is called an animal 10L H Now this body of 

 a living being or of an animal is always organic ; for, as 

 every Monad is, in its own way, a mirror of the universe, 

 and as the universe is ruled according to a perfect order, 



' there must also be order in that which represents it, i. e. 

 in the perceptions of the soul, and consequently there 

 must be order in the body, through which the universe 

 is represented in the soul 102 . ^(Theod. 403.) 



100 See note 32. The entelechy or soul is at once the final cause 

 of the body and the power which controls it or the force which 

 acts through it. As dominant Monad, the soul has more clearly 

 the perceptions which are relatively confused in the Monads 

 implied by the body. The soul is thus relatively the perfection of 

 the body. And similarly, in the soul is to be read the reason 

 (i. e. the distinct perception) of what takes place in the body, and 

 it is therefore the activity or force of the body. Cf. Introduction, 

 Part iii. p. no. 



101 See 19. Leibniz uses the term living being not as including 

 all beings which have life, but specifically with reference only to 

 those whose dominant Monad is unconscious, while in the animal 

 (as distinct from the living 'being') the dominant Monad has con- 

 sciousness and memory. 



102 Thus order and organism are conceived by Leibniz under the 

 idea of an infinite series of elements, each differing from its 

 neighbour to an infinitely small extent. The Monad-series of the 

 universe, extending from God to the lowest of Monads, is reflected 

 in the structure of the individual organism, extending from the 

 dominant Monad downwards, and that again is reflected in the 

 series of perceptions within each Monad itself, extending from 

 the most distinct perceptions to which it has attained down to the 

 most obscure. 



