BUTTERFLIES 93 



in both sexes. The caterpillars in some genera are 

 armed with formidable spines, in others they are 

 smooth-skinned ; but the pupa has always two " nose- 

 horns," and usually hangs head downwards by its 

 cremaster from a silk pad, without any girdling thread. 

 The following sub-families should be noted : The 

 Nymphalina, including the fritillaries, tortoiseshells, 

 admirals, etc., have spiny caterpillars, and the pupa is 

 often resplendent with metal-like patches, thus merit- 

 ing the name chrysalis. The famous purple-emperor * 

 is the only British representative of the sub-family 

 Apaturince, in which the larva is smooth and slug-like, 

 with two long tentacles on the head. In the case of 

 the meadow-browns and their allies, 2 the larvae are 

 clothed with short hairs, and taper somewhat towards 

 the extremities. The pupa is usually suspended by 

 the tail ; but in one or two instances e.g., the marbled- 

 white 3 it is hidden in moss, among roots, or just below 

 the soil. 



The number of British butterflies is usually given as 

 sixty-eight ; but this includes one extinct species the 

 famous large-copper, 4 and four that are merely occa- 

 sional immigrants viz., the Bath-white, 6 the Queen- 

 of-Spain fritillary, 6 the long-tailed blue, 7 and an insect 

 that is known in its American home as the "monarch," 

 or " milkweed butterfly." 8 The last named is a great 

 traveller, and since 1870 or thereabouts has extended 

 its range from the new to the old world by way of the 

 Pacific Islands, and bids fair to become wellnigh 

 cosmopolitan. It is a member of a distinct Nympha- 

 line sub-family viz., Danaina. 



1 Apatura iris. 2 Sub-family Satyrincs. 



3 Melanargia galathea. * Chrysophanus dispar. 



5 Pieris daplidice. 6 A rgynnis lathonia. 



7 Polyommatus (Lycana) bcetica. 



8 A nosia erippus ; also called A nosia plexippus. 



