Morphology of the Citrus. 1 79 



distinct whorls* the outer, or rrW-whorl, and the inner, 

 or /^-whorl. The two combined form the orange, 

 or lemon. They are best examined in a ripe fruit. 



Usually the outer covering of the orange or lemon, 

 in my opinion, consists of a whorl of carpels, united so 

 well together by the whole length of their edges, that, 

 in many cases, they appear one uniform and continuous 

 protecting case. The rind of the Citrus, however, is 

 not always so even as we see it in a " suntara " or 

 Portugal orange. For instance, sometimes the join- 

 ings of the carpel edges remain remarkably distinct, 

 such as in the following specimen, taken from Risso's 

 monograph, " Bergamottier mellarose " (pi. 241, fig. c], 

 and also in a number of citrons proper. 



This fruit, besides distinct carpels, agglutinated 

 together, exhibits also an extra and inner whorl of 

 rind carpels round the apex. Almost all the Berga- 

 mottes illustrated by this author have the joinings of 

 their carpels quite distinct. The fruit of the double- 

 flowered Bergamotte (pi. 241, fig. a) is another 

 example of the persistence of distinct carpels. Several 

 others might be quoted. The following, however, 

 are perhaps more convincing. They are also taken 

 from Risso's monograph. They prove that the ordin- 

 arily uniform and smooth Citrus rind is nothing but 

 an agglutination of originally distinct carpels. Fig. g, 

 pi. 240, is the fruit of the " Granger a fruit cornu." 

 Here we have one of the carpels insisting on remain- 

 ing separate, and only partially united to the rest. It 

 sticks out like a horn on the side of the orange. All 

 the fruit of that variety were horned like this, some 

 more, some less prominently so. Every large appendage 

 of this sort had a separate pulp carpel within it. A 



* Botanists do not admit that the Citrus fruit consists of two 

 whorls ; but further on I have given reasons for considering it so. 



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