Appendix. 255 



found it wild in Persia ; but Dr. Royle found the species in 

 the forests of Northern India. The Citron is cultivated in 

 Cochin China and in China, but Thunberg does not mention 

 it as existing in Japan. Taking all the above facts into con- 

 sideration, it is evident that the species is originally from the 

 north of India, and as the habitat of every one of the orange 

 tribe is naturally rather limited, Prof, de Candolle does not 

 think that this extended, in the case of the Citron, as far as 

 the north of Persia. Probably the Citron was carried in that 

 direction and also into China at a very early period. In 

 many countries they are easily naturalized. The seeds sow 

 themselves in several of the colonies for instance, in 



Jamaica The so-called Madras Citron has the form of 



an oblate sphere.* In China there is a variety with its lobes 

 separating into finger-like divisions, and hence called the 

 fingered-citron. 



Regarding the C. aurantium the following occurs : " It 

 was not, at the time of Alexander the Great, in that part of 

 India which he penetrated (about 327 B.C.) ; for it is not 

 mentioned by Nearchus among the productions of the country 

 which is watered by the Indus. But the Arabs, carrying 

 their conquests further into India than Alexander (at a much 

 later period and probably after 664 A.D.), found the orange 

 more in the interior ; and according to Prof. Targioni it was 

 brought by them into Arabia in the, ninth century. Oranges 

 were unknown in Europe, or at all events in Italy, in the 

 eleventh century, but were shortly afterwards carried west- 

 ward by the Moors. They were in cultivation at Seville 

 towards the end of the twelfth century, and at Palermo in the 

 thirteenth, for it is said that St. Dominic planted an orange- 

 tree for the convent of St. Sabina in Rome in the year i2Oo.f 

 In the course of the same thirteenth century the crusaders 

 found citrons, oranges, and lemons very abundant in Pales- 

 tine ; and in the following or fourteenth century both oranges 



and lemons became plentiful in several parts of Italy 



The first orange-trees, it is stated, were imported into Eng- 

 land by Sir W. Raleigh and reared by his relative, Sir Francis 



* Probably this is not a citron at all. 



t I have been informed that the tree said to be planted by St. Dominic 

 is still in existence (1888). 



