404 



BLOOD. 



ladies des voics urinaires, 8vo. Paris, 1791. Mac- 

 beath on affections of the urinary organs among ne- 

 groes, in Edinb.Mcd. Comment. "Dec. 2, vol.x. 1798. 

 Desault, Des maladies des voies urinaires (a. Bichat 

 Ed.) 8vo. Paris, 1799. Sherwen on diseased and 

 contracted urinary bladder,8vo. Lond.1799. Walter, 

 Einige Krankheiten der Nieren und Harnblase un- 

 tersucht, 4to. Berl. 1800. Bell, Engravings of 

 morbid parts, fol. Lond. 1803. Schmidt, Ueber derj. 

 Krank. der Harnblase, &c. 8vo. Wien. 1806. Soem- 

 mering, Ueher lodtlichen Krankheiten der Harn- 

 blase, 4to. Frft. a M. 1809. Nauche, Des mal. 

 de la vessie, &c. 8vo. Paris, 1810. Wadd, Cases 

 of diseased bladder, Lond. 1815. Howship on the 

 diseases of the urinary organs, 8vo. Lond. 1816. 

 Coquin du Martel, Vice de conformation des 

 voies urinaires, &c., in Bullet, de la Soc. Med. 

 d'Emulat. Juin 1824. Lallemand, Sur les malad. 

 des organes genito-urinaires, 8vo. Paris, 1824. 

 Brodie, Lectures on the diseases of the urinary 

 organs, &c. 8vo. Lond. 1834. * * * * De- 

 tharding, De hzemorrhoid. vesicae, Rost. 1754 

 (Rec. in Haller Disp. Pathol. t. vii.). Ludwig, 

 De ischuria ex tumoribus vesicae, 4to. Lips. 176', 

 in Ej. Advers. Med. vol. ii. * * * * Salzmann, 

 De hernia vesicae urinariae, Argent. 1732 ( Rec. in 

 Haller Disp. Chir. t. iii.) Camper, De vesicae 

 herniis, in Ej. Demonst. Anat. Pathol. lib. ii. 

 Sandifort, De hernia vesicae, in Ej. Obs. Anat. 

 Pathol. lib. i. Roose, De native vesicae urin. 

 inversae prolapsu, 4to. Getting. 1793. Baittie, 

 Remarkable deviation from the natural structure 

 in the urinary bladder, &c., Transactions of a 

 Society for the Improvement of Medical and Chi- 

 rurgical Knowledge, vol. i. Goeckel, De vesica 

 spongiosa extra abdomen posita, Miscel. Acad. Nat. 

 Curios. Dec. 2, A. 5. Raijfer, Diss. sur la cysto- 

 cele ou hernie de la vessie urinaire, 4to. Paris, 

 1805. Beugin, Diss. sur la cystocele, 4to. Paris. 

 1805. Isenjiamm, Beschreibung, &c. angebornen, 

 vorgefallenen, ungestlilpten Harnblase, &c. 8vo. 

 Dorpat. 1806. Fuchs, Hist. anat. prolapsus nativi 

 vesicae urinariae inversae, 4to. Jenae, 1813. * * * * 

 Cases of double bladder, by Bordenave, in Mem. 

 de Chirurg. t. ii. ; by Lebenwaldt, in Miscell. Acad. 

 Nat. Curios. Dec. 2, A. 8, 1689; by Tenon, in 

 Mem. de Paris, A. 1768 : by Bussiere, in Phil. 

 Trans. 1701.* * * * Cases of absence of the bladder, 

 by Preuss, in Miscel. Ac. Nat. Cur. Dec. 2, An. 7 ; 

 by Rengger, in Museum der Hcilkunde, B. 2 ; by 

 Labourdette, in Sedillot's Rec. Period, t. xxxii. 

 Cases of rupture of the bladder, by J. Johnstons, 

 in Mem. of the Med. Soc. of London, vol. iii. ; 

 by Kundmann, in Acta Acad. Nat. Curios, vol. vii. ; 

 by Montagu, in Med. Communications, vol. ii. ; by 

 Zuinger, in Ephem. Nat. Curios. Cent. 7 et 8 ; by 

 Berchelmann, in Acta Hassica, A. 1771 ; by Berner, 

 in Ephem. Nat. Curios. Cent. 9 et 10; by Schlich- 

 tung, in Acta Ac. Nat. Curios, vol. vi. ; by Hey, 

 in Med. Obs. by a Soc. of Phys. vol. iv.; by Lynn, 

 in the same work, vol. iv. ; by Sedillot, in Rec. 

 Period, t. i. ; and by Cusack, in Dub. Hosp. Rep. 

 vol. ii. 



(Benjamin Phillips.) 



BLOOD, (Gr. afyta. Lat. sanguis. Yr.sang. 

 Germ. Elut. Ital. sangue). This is the title 

 given to the peculiar fluid which carries into 

 the living tissues of animals the materials 

 necessary to the nutritive processes going on 

 within them. 



The physical qualities of this fluid vary 

 extremely ; among almost all the lower animals 

 it is so far from resembling what we are accus- 

 tomed to regard as essential to the blood in 

 man and the vertebrata generally, that its 

 nature is at first sight apt to be mistaken, and 

 we cannot be surprised that the inferior tribes 



of creation should have been long supposed 

 to be without blood. In the mammalia, birds, 

 reptiles, fishes, and several of the anrielida, 

 the blood is of a red colour ; among the whole of 

 the in vertebrata, a few of the annelida excepted, 

 it is, on the contrary, nearly colourless ; fre- 

 quently it has a decidedly blue tint, and in 

 many instances it is bluish, greenish, or yel- 

 lowish. A celebrated chemist (Berzelius) has 

 lately stated that the common fly (one of the 

 insecta) had red blood in the head, and colour- 

 less blood in the other parts of its body, it 

 is true, indeed, that if the head of one of these 

 insects be crushed, a reddish fluid is forced 

 out ; but this is not blood ; it proceeds from 

 the eyes of the insect, whose blood, in the head 

 as elsewhere, and among all the other species 

 of the genus, as well as among the arach- 

 nida, Crustacea, and mollusca, is almost co- 

 lourless. 



From these differences in the appearance 

 of the nutrient fluid, the animal kingdom has 

 been divided into animals having red blood 

 and animals having white blood. But these 

 modifications of colour are not perhaps of so 

 much consequence as has commonly been be- 

 lieved, for they are met with among animals 

 having in all other respects the most striking 

 analogy one with another, as has already been 

 seen in our particular article on the ANNE- 

 LIDA. 



The blood is an opaque, thickish fluid, of a 

 specific gravity greater than that of water. In 

 man its density varies from 1,052 to 1,057. 

 It has a saline and rather sickly taste, and 

 it diffuses a peculiar odour, which varies 

 somewhat in different tribes, and occasionally 

 in the different sexes of the same species. 

 In all the vertebrata, it is, as we have said, 

 red ; but the shade of this colour varies in 

 different animals, as it is familiarly known to 

 do in the same animal, according as it is ex- 

 amined in its course to the tissues which it is 

 destined to supply with nourishment, or after it 

 has already traversed these, and is returning to 

 the centre of the circulation ; the colour, how- 

 ever, may be stated to be generally deep. 



Examined by the naked eye, the blood ap- 

 pears to be perfectly fluid and homogeneous ; 

 but if it be spread in a very thin stratum upon 

 the object plate of a microscope, and viewed 

 under a lens having a magnifying power of 

 between 200 and 300, it will be seen to con- 

 sist of two distinct and heterogeneous parts, 

 viz. a transparent yellowish watery fluid, and 

 a number of solid corpuscles, of extreme mi- 

 nuteness, suspended in this fluid. To the 

 fluid portion, the name serum is given; the 

 minute corpuscles are spoken of as the globules 

 of the blood. 



The discovery of the globules of the blood 

 is almost contemporaneous with that of the 

 microscope; it is due to Malpighi and to 

 Leuwenhoeck. A considerable number of ob- 

 servers have since engaged in the micro- 

 scopical study of the blood ; but it is to Hew- 

 son and to the Messrs. Prevost and Dumas that 

 science is indebted for the most important facta 



