594 



CHEIROPTERA. 



suck would appear to be very inconvenient for 

 respiration, as either the mother or young one 

 will be prevented from breathing at the time, 

 their nostrils being in opposite directions, there- 

 fore the nose of one must be under water, and 

 the time of sucking can only be between each 

 respiration. The act of sucking must likewise 

 be different from, that of land animals ; as in 

 them it is performed by the lungs drawing the 

 air from the mouth backwards into themselves, 

 which the fluid follows, by being forced into 

 the mouth from the pressure of the external air 

 on its surface; but in this tribe, the lungs 

 having no connexion with the mouth, sucking 

 must be performed by some action of the 

 mouth itself, and by its having the power of 

 expansion." 



Much stress has recently been laid on the 

 supposed existence which the muscles sur- 

 rounding the mammary gland afford in the act 

 of suckling by compressing the gland and 

 ejaculating the milk accumulated in the dilated 

 receptacle above described ; but when we con- 

 sider how great the pressure of the surrounding 

 water must be upon the extended surface of the 

 mammary gland, we may readily conceive that 

 when the nipple is grasped by the mouth of the 

 young, and the pressure removed from it by 

 the retraction of the tongue, the milk will 

 be expelled in a copious stream by means of 

 the surrounding pressure alone, independently 

 of muscular aid. 



The intimate structure of the mammary gland 

 in the Zoophagous Cetacea is essentially the 

 same as in the Ornithorhynchus, being compo- 

 sed of an innumerable quantity of small elon- 

 gated ccecal tubes ; these are, however, shorter 

 than in the Ornithorhynchus, and their glandu- 

 lar parietes are firmer ; they are well shown in 

 the figure of the mammary gland of a young 

 Piked Whale, ( Baltfnoptera Rostrata,J given 

 by Miiller in his pi. xvii. Jig. 2, and according 

 to that author present, after the Ornithorhyn- 

 chus, the simplest structure of the mammary 

 gland in the entire mammiferous series of ani- 

 mals.] 



BIBLIOGRAPHY. Aristotle, Historia de animali- 

 bus. Bartholinus, Cetorum genera, Historia anato- 

 mica, Cent. iv. p. 272-285; De oculo Balaenas et 

 Dentibus, in Acta Hafniens. vol. ii. p. 67-70; De 

 Unicornu observationes novse, 12mo. 1645. Achre- 

 lius, Cetographia, sive Dissertatio Historico-physica 

 de Cetis, Aboae, 1683, 8vo. Ray, An account of 

 the dissection of a Porpesse, Philos. Trans. 1671, 

 vol. vi. p. 2274. Major, De Anatome Phbcaenae, 

 vel Delphini Septentrionalium, Ephem. Acta Nat. 

 Cur. Dec. 1, Ann. 3, p. 22-32 ; De respiratione 

 Phocaenae, vel Tursionis, Ephem. Acad. Nat. Curios. 

 Dec. i. Ann. 8, p. 4, 5. Tyson, Phocaena, or the 

 anatomy of a Porpess, 4to. 1680. Sibbald, Pha- 

 lainologianova, &c. Edinb. 1692, 4to. ; Scotia illus- 

 trata, fol. 1684. De la Motte, Anatome Phocapnae, 

 in Klein Hist, piscium naturalis, p. 24-32. Ticho- 

 nius, Monoceros piscis haud monoceros, Hafniae. 

 1706. Dudley, An essay on the natural history of 

 Whales ; with a particular account of the ambergris 

 found in the Spermaceti Whale, Phil. Trans. 1725. 

 Steller, De Bestiis marinis, Nouveaux Memoires de 

 1'Academie de Petersbourg^ t. ii. 1751. Daubenton, 

 Descriptions des tetes de Lamantins et de Dugong, 

 Hist. Nat. de Buffon, t. xiii. 1765. Linnaeus, 

 Systema Naturae, Ed. xii. 1766. Pennant, Brit. 



Zoology, 1776. Fabricius, (Otho,) Fauna Gioen- 

 landica, 1780. Pallas, Spicilegia Zoologica, 1767 to 

 1780. Hunter, Observations on the structure and 

 O2conomy of Whales, Philos. Trans. 1787. Baussard, 

 Memoire sur un Cetace echoue pres de Honfleur, 

 Journal de Physique, 1789. Cuvier, Geo. Sur les 

 narines des Cetaces, Bulletin des Sciences pur la 

 SocietePhilomathique, Juillet,1797; Le9ons d'Ana- 

 tomie Comparee, torn. i. v. 1799-1804; Recherches 

 sur les Ossemens Fossiles, 4to. 2d ed. t. v. pt. i. 

 1823; Regne Animal, &c. 1817, 2d ed. 1829. 

 Lacepede, Hist. Nat. des Cetaces, 1803. Scoresby, 

 Account of the Balaena Mysticetus, &c., Wernerian 

 Transactions, vol. i. p. 578 ; An account of the 

 Arctic Regions, 1820. Home, Lectures on Compa- 

 rative Anatomy, 4to. 1814-1828. Albers, Icones ad 

 illustrandam Anatomen Comparatam, fol. Camper, 

 Observations Anatomiques, &c. sur plusieurs es- 

 peces de Cetaces, Paris, 1820. Rudolphi, Memoires 

 de 1' Academic de Berlin, 1820. Barclay on the 

 anatomy of the Beluga, Trans. Wernerian Society, 

 vol. iii. Eichwald, Observ. Anatom. sur un jeune 

 Marsouin, Memoires de 1'Acad. de Petersb. t. ix. 

 1824. Blainmlle, Note sur un Cetace echoue au 

 Havre, Nouveau Bulletin des Sciences, Sept. 1825. 

 Jacob, Anatomy of the Delphini, Dublin Philo- 

 sophical Journal, 1826. Tiedemann, Him des 

 Delphins mit dem des Menschens vergleichen, in 

 Zeitschrift fur Physiologie, Band ii. Heft i. 1826. 

 Baer, Anatomic des Braunfisches, Oken's Isis,1826; 

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 Acta Phys. Med. t. xvii. pars ii. 1835. Rapp, 

 Natur Weissenschaft abhandlung, 1827 ; Beitrage 

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 Meckel's Archiv. fur Physiologie, 1830. Haber, 

 Sur le soufflage des Cetaces, Isis, 1827. Schegel, 

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 echoue, 1826, &c., Mem. de 1'Institut Royal des 

 Pays-Bas, 1828. Rousseau, Moustache chez les 

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 into 1 vol. 8vo. Nouvelles Recherches sur la Peau, 

 Paris, 1836. Owen, Description of the Hunterian 

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 ( The preceding article has been derived from the work 

 last named in the Bibliography, with the addition of 

 the extracts from Mr. Hunter's papers and the other 

 passages included between brackets. ) 



(F. Cuvier.) 



C HEI RO PTERA, (from %B ? , manus, wrego v, 

 ala,) Bats, Fr. Chauvesouris,Germ. Fledermdu- 

 ser, an order of mammiferous quadrupeds, 

 consisting of such as have a generally in- 

 sectivorous type of dentition, with the extremi- 

 ties connected together by an aliform expansion 

 of the integuments, for the purpose of flight. 

 The question whether this group, as well as 

 that of the CARNIVORA and that of the IN- 

 SECTIVORA, ought to be considered as forming 

 a single order according to the method of 

 Cuvier, has been already sufficiently adverted 

 to under the head CARNIVORA; and it needs 

 only to be now observed that if there were 

 sufficient ground for giving to the last-men- 

 tioned group a separate consideration, either 

 on account of expediency and convenience, 

 or on that of natural arrangement, the same 



