682 



CIRCULATION. 



George Ent of London. 



Riolan was the only one of his opponents whose 

 objections Harvey thought it worth while to answer. 

 This he did in two additional Exercitationes, which 

 are published in the Leyden edition of his works, 

 1737. In a journey which Harvey made to Ger- 

 many, he endeavoured to demonstrate his views 

 to Hoffman, but without success. In 1652 Plem- 

 pius acceded the merit of discovery to Harvey, and 

 adopted his views of the circulation. Harvey died 

 at the advanced age of 79, in the year 1657, after 

 having had the satisfaction of seeing his views 

 generally adopted by the best-informed anatomists 

 and physiologists, and after having enjoyed the 

 glory due to so great and valuable a discovery. 

 The best edition of Harvey's treatise on the Circu- 

 lation is that to be found in the edition of his works 

 published by the London College of Physicians, 

 in 4to. 



About this time the experiment of transfusion, 

 proposed some time previously, se3ms to have been 

 first successfully performed by Dr. Timothy Clarke, 

 Boyle, and Henshaw, as also by the celebrated 

 Lower at Oxford, in 1660, affording additional 

 proof of the correctness of the views of Haivey. 



Although the double course of the blood through 

 the pulraonic and systemic circulations was fully 

 demonstrated by these investigations, the direct 

 passage of the blood from the smaller arteries into 

 the veins had not yet been observed. 



After the introduction of the use of the mi- 

 croscope, this additional proof was supplied by 

 Malpighi, who discovered the capillary circulation 

 in the vessels on the lungs and mesentery of the 

 frog in 1661 (Epistola de pulmonibus). 



Malpighi observed the passage of the globules 

 of fie blood through the minute vessels, and thus 

 satisfactorily proved that there is an actual trans- 

 mission of the circulating blood from the arteries 

 to the veins in both the systemic and pulmonary 

 circulations. 



Leuwenhoeck, in 1673, repeated the observations 

 of Malpighi on the capillary circulation, and 

 extended them to different animals, at the same 

 time adding to their value by the discovery of the 

 nature of the colouring particles or globules of 

 the blood (Philos. Trans. No. 102). The structure 

 of the minute vessels in different parts of the 

 human body was shortly after this very fully shewn 

 by the fine injections of Ruysch, and the analogy 

 between the structure of the minute vessels in Man 

 and the lower animals thus fully established. 



For the history of the discovery of the Circula- 

 tion, we would refer the reader to the following works. 



Bostock's Elementary system of physiology, vol. i. 

 p. 343. Holler's Elementa, vol. i. p, 340. Senac, 

 Traite du creur, Introduct. p. 68. Sabatier, Ana- 

 tomic, ii. p. 255. Portal, Hist, de 1'anatomie et 

 de chirurgie, t. ii. p. 468. Sprengel's History of 

 medicine, French, vol. iv. p. 85. Hecker's 

 Gerschichte der Medezin, Hecker's Lehre vom 

 Kreislauf von Harvey, Berlin, 1831. Barrellotti, 

 Dialogo sulla scoperta della circolazione del sangue 

 nel corpo umano, Pisa, 1831. 



When the course of the blood in the double 

 circulation had been fully established by the above- 

 mentioned observers, and the views of Harvey 

 were universally adopted, the labours of anatomists 

 and physiologists were directed to the more minute 

 and detailed investigation of the different processes 

 of the circulatory function. 



The works of Lower, Lieutaud, and Senac on 

 the heart, and of Hales, Haller, and Spallanzani 

 on the motion of the blood, were among the more 

 important of those which appeared during the last 

 century which contributed to advance the knowledge 

 of our subject. 



The second volume of Dr. Stephen Hales's 

 Statical Essays, 1733, contains the history of the 

 numerous experiments made by that ingenious 

 philosopher, with a view to investigate the hy- 



draulic phenomena of the circulation and the first 

 accurate measurements and calculations of the force 

 of the current of blood in the arteries and veins, 

 its velocity, the power of the heart, &c. 



The works of Haller on the circulation consist, 



1st, of the greater part of the first and second 

 volumes of the Elementa, containing a complete 

 history of the structure and functions of the organs 

 of circulation ; 



2d, Deux memoires sur le mouvement du sang, 

 &c. Lausanne, 1756 : the first memoir containing 

 the results, the second a detailed account of the 

 experiments. 



These Memoirs are also published in the Opera 

 Minora ; also, in English, Lond. 1757. 



3d, Deux mem. sur la formation du coeur dans 

 le poulet, Laus. 1758. 



The work of Spallanzani, entitled Experiments 

 upon the Circulation of the Blood, translated by 

 Tourdes into French, Paris, An viii., and by R. Hall, 

 M.D. into English, Lond. 1801, contains a great body 

 of most accurate observations and experiments. 



The first two Memoirs are on the circulation 

 throughout the vascular system. 



The next two on the phenomena of the languid 

 circulation, on the motion of the blood independent 

 of the action of the heart, and the pulsation of 

 the arteries. 



Circulation in general. Young on the circulation, 

 Phil. Trans. 1809. Lund's Results of modern 

 physiological vivisections, 12mo. Copenhagen, 



1825, translated in the Journal Complement, 

 t. xxiv.-v. &c. Bourdon, Pur le mecanisme de la 

 circulation, 8vo. Paris, 1820. W. Philip, Phil. 

 Trans. 1832. M. Hall, Reply to W. Philip, Med. 

 Gaz. x. 695. Physiol. of the circulation, Med. 

 Chir. Review, vol. iv. 1823-4, p. 38. Flourens, 

 Memoires de 1'Institut. vol. x. Herbst, De san- 

 guinis quantitate, 1822. Schwenke, Hist, sanguinis. 

 J. Wilson, Essay on the blood and vascular system, 

 Lond. 1819. Kerr, Observations on the Harvcian 

 doctrine of the circulation of the blood, Lond. 1819 ; 

 (doubts the Harveian view.) Charles Bell, An 

 essay on the forces which circulate the blood, 

 Lond. 1819. Oesterreicher, Versuch einer Darstel- 

 lung der Lehre vom Kreislauf des Blutes, Nurnb. 



1826. Wedemeyer, Untersuch. uber den Kreislauf 

 des Blutes insbesond. uber die Bewegung desselben 

 in den Arterien und Capillargefassen,&c. Hannover, 

 1828 ; also in English. Reichel, De sanguine 

 ejusque motu exper. Lips. 1767. Jaeckel, De 

 motu sanguinis comment. Vratisl. 1821. Sarlan- 

 diere, Mem. sur la circulation du sang, &c. Paris, 

 1822. Jos. Swan, Essay on the connection between 

 the action of the heart and arteries and the func- 

 tions of the nervous system, Lond. 1829. Rose, 

 Diss. de motu sang, naturali et praeternaturali, 

 Helmstad. 1668. Maertens, Diss. de circulatione 

 sanguinis, Helmstadt. 1739. Araldi, Della forza 

 e deir influsso del cuore sul circolo del sangue, 

 Mem. della Soc. Ital. in Mod. 1804, vol. xi. 



Heart. Barry on the circulation through the 

 heart, &c. Annal. d. Sc. Nat. xi. p. 113. Borelli, 

 De motu animalium, 1743. Passavant (Bernouilli), 

 De vi cordis, 1748. Hales's Statical essays, 

 vol. ii. 1733. Poiseuille, Sur la force du cceur 

 aortique, Breschet's Repert. vi. 1828, and Ma- 

 gendie's Journ. Whytt on the heart, Works, 

 p. 16. Williams on the motive powers of the 

 heart, Edin. Med. and Surg. Journ. xxi. 268. 

 Bartholin on the suction-power of the heart, Anat. 

 8vo. p. 371. Senac, Traite du creur, 1749. Wil- 

 degans on the same, 1772. A. Wilson, Inquiry 

 into the moving powers employed in the circulation 

 of the blood, 8vo. Lond. 1774. Jurin. De po- 

 tentia cordis, Phil. Trans. 1718 and 1719. James 

 Keill, Essays on several parts of the animal economy, 

 4th ed. with a Diss. on the force of the heart, 

 8vo. Lond. 1738. Prochaska, Opera Min. 1800, 

 Controv. physiol. 



Arteries. In addition to the works referred to 



