FACE. 



207 



Mcnschen und dcr Thiere, 1 Heft. Bremen, 1828. 

 Wardrop's Morbid anatomy of the eye. Dalrymple's 

 Anatomy of the eye, Lond. 1834. Mackenzie, On 

 diseases of the eye, Lond. 1834. Lloyd, On light 

 and vision, Lond. 1831. Riot, Precis elementaire 

 de physique, Paris, 1824. Langenbeck, B. C. R. 

 De retina, Gott. 1836. Berzelius, Traite de chimie, 

 Paris, 1833. Ammon, Zeitschrift fur die oph- 

 thalmologie. Radius, Scriptores ophthalmologici 

 minores. Reils, Archiv. fur die physiologic. 

 Meckel's Archiv. F, Arnold, Untersuchungen iiber 

 das auge des menschen, Heidelberg, 1832. Giralde, 

 Sur 1'organization de 1'oeil, Paris, 1836. For the 

 latest observations on the retina, see Ehrenberg, 

 Eeobachtung iiber Structur des Seelenorgans, Ber- 

 lin, 1836. 



For the comparative anatomy of the eye, which 

 is still imperfect, I refer the student to the paper 

 of Zinn in the Gottingen Commentaries, as above 

 quoted ; Bidloo, De oculis et visu ; the article on 

 the eye in Mailer's Elemcnta Physiologiae ; Cam- 



sinnes ; and, above all, to D. W. Sommering's 

 book. For perfect systematic treatises on the 

 anatomy of the eye, the student is referred to 

 /inn's well-known and highly valuable work, 

 Arnold's work just quoted, *nd, in English, 

 Mr. Dalrymple's treatise. 



(Arthur Jacob.) 



FACE (in anatomy) (Gr. ^oa-uvov ; Lat. 

 fades, vultus, os ; Fr. face ; Germ. Ant lit z, 

 Gesicht ; Ifa\.faccia). In vertebrated animals 

 this term is applied to denote the anterior part 

 of the head, with which most of the organs 

 of the senses are connected ; while the cranium 

 is destined to contain and protect the encephalic 

 organs, the face is the seat of the organs cf 

 sight, smell, and taste, and in some animals 

 of a special organ of touch. The relative 

 sizes of cranium and face depend, therefore, 

 in a great measure on the relative development 

 of those important organs which belong to 

 each. For the characters of the face in the 

 different classes of animals, we refer to the 

 articles devoted to the anatomy of them, and 

 to the article OSSEOUS SYSTEM. 



FACE (in human anatomy). The face is 

 situated before and below the cranium, which 

 bounds it above ; on the sides, it is limited by 

 the zygomatic arches, behind by the ears and 

 the depression which corresponds to the upper 

 region of the pharynx, and below by the base 

 of the lower jaw and the chin. The disposition 

 of the face is symmetrical ; its anterior surface 

 is trapezoidal, the largest side being above ; 

 and its vertical section is triangular. It pre- 

 sents an assemblage of organs which serve dif- 

 ferent purposes, and which by their configura- 

 tion and proportions constitute what are called 

 the features ; individually the face presents 

 many varieties, not only in the form and degree 

 of development of its several parts, as the nose, 

 mouth, &c., but also in the condition of its 

 bones, muscles, skin, and adipose tissue. The 

 varieties of form presented by the face afford 

 some of the most distinctive characters of the 

 different races of mankind. It differs also ac- 

 cording to the age and sex of the individual ; 

 in the infant, the peculiarities depend princi- 

 pally upon the disposition of the bones, and in 

 particular on the absence of the teeth ; but the 



soft parts have also their distinctions at this 

 age, for while the fat is abundant, the muscles 

 are but little developed, and hence the slightly 

 marked features and the plump cheeks of 

 infancy. 



In old age, again, the aspect of the face is 

 the reverse of this, for not only do its thinness 

 and the predominance of the muscles throw 

 out the features, but the skin is covered with 

 folds and wrinkles, from its own relaxation 

 and the absence of fat, aided perhaps by the 

 action of the muscles. The loss of the teeth, 

 moreover, allows the lower jaw (when the 

 mouth is closed) to be thrown in front of the 

 upper, and thus the length of the face is dimi- 

 nished, and a peculiar expression is imparted 

 to the countenance. 



In women, (from the delicacy of the features 

 and the abundance of the cellular tissue,) the 

 face preserves the roundness of form, and 

 something of the characteristics of childhood. 



BONES OF THE FACE. The bones of the 

 face comprise all those of the skull which do 

 not contribute to form the cavity for the brain ; 

 they inclose, either by themselves or in con- 

 junction with the adjacent bones of the cranium, 

 1. the organs of three senses, viz. sight, 

 smelling, and taste ; 2. the organs of mastica- 

 tion and the orifices of the respiratory and 

 digestive canals ; 3. they give attachment to 

 most of the muscles of expression. 



The face is divided into the upper or the 

 fixed, and the lower or the moveable jaw, 

 both of which are provided with teeth. The 

 lower jaw is a single and symmetrical bone ; 

 the upper jaw, though formed of thirteen 

 bones, consists principally of two, viz. the 

 ossa maxillaria superiora, to which the others 

 may be considered as additions, being attached 

 to them immoveably, and forming altogether 

 one large, irregular, and symmetrical piece, 

 which constitutes the upper jaw. 



Of the fourteen bones which contribute to 

 the face, two only are single or median ; the 

 others are double, and form six pairs, viz. 

 2 ossa maxilla superioris ; 2 ossa pulati ; 

 2 ossa nasi ; 2 ossa mala ; 2 ossa lachrt/malia ; 

 2 ossa turbinata inferiora. The two single 

 bones are, the vomer and the os maxilla in- 

 serioris. 



The superior maxillary bones, (ossa maxil- 

 laria superiora ; Germ, die Obern Kinnbacken- 

 beine oder Oberkiefer.) These bones, situated 

 in the middle and front of the face, are of 

 a very irregular figure ; they are united below 

 along the median line, and form together, the 

 greater part of the upper jaw. Each has four 

 surfaces, viz. 1. a facial or anterior; 2. a 

 posterior or zygomatic ; 3. an internal or naso- 

 palatine; 4. a superior or orbitar. The borders 

 are three; 1. an anterior or naso-m axillary ; 

 2. a posterior or pterygoid; 3. an inferior or 

 alveolar. 



The facial surface presents from before 

 backwards, 1. the fossa myrtiformis, a depres- 

 sion situated above the incisor teeth, which 

 gives attachment to the depressor labii superi- 

 oris; 2. the canine ridge, which corresponds to 

 the socket of the canine tooth, and which sepa- 

 rates the myrtiform from, 3. the canine (or the 



