FACE. 



227 



angle, and are lost on the fascia of the masseter. 

 A curious slip crosses these transversely, de- 

 scending a little from the fascia covering the 

 parotid gland towards the angle of -the mouth. 

 It is the risorius Santorini, which is, however, 

 often wanting. The platysma draws down 

 the whole of the lower -part of the face, or, 

 acting more slightly, depresses the lower lip 

 and the commissure in conjunction with their 

 proper depressors. The slip called risorius, 

 on the contrary, raises the angle of the mouth. 



The only fasciae of the face are, 1. a pal- 

 pebral fascia, which connects the convex edges 

 of the tarsal cartilages to the border of the 

 orbit; and, 2. a buccal fascia, which, ex- 

 tending forward from the intermaxillary liga- 

 ment, covers the posterior half of the buccinator 

 muscle : anterior to this it becomes lost in the 

 surrounding cellular tissue. 



General review of the muscles of the face. 

 With one exception, all the muscles of the 

 face are attached at one part to bone, and at 

 another either to the skin or to some other 

 muscle : their fibres are also red and firm at 

 their fixed attachment, pale and thinner at 

 their moveable extremity. With the exception 

 of the orbicularis oris, which is a symmetrical 

 muscle, all the others are arranged in pairs, 

 one on each side of the face. The mouth 

 being the most moveable, has by far the 

 greatest number grouped around it. It pos- 

 sesses, 1. a sphincter, the orbicularis oris, 

 the important action of which on the lips in 

 suction, respiration, whistling, blowing, and 

 playing on wind instruments, in speech and in 

 expression, has already been partly spoken of. 

 The associate of this muscle is' the levator 

 menti. 2. The antagonist of this are, a, the 

 naso-labialis, the transversalis nasi, the levator 

 labii snperioris, both proper and common to 

 it and the nose, and which raise the upper 

 lip ; 6, the depressor labii inferioris and pla- 

 tysma, which draw down the lower lip; c, 

 the buccinator, which extends the aperture of 

 the mouth transversely ; d, the zygomatics, the 

 risorius Santorini, and the levator anguli oris, 

 which draw the commissure upwards ; and, e, 

 the depressor anguli oris and platysma, which 

 draw it downwards. 



About the eyes there are on each side, 1. 

 a sphincter, the orbicularis palpebrse and pal- 

 pebralis, with the associate, the corrugator 

 supercilii; 2, the dilators, the. occipato frontal is 

 and levator palpebrae. About the nose there 

 are, 1, a constrictor, the depressor alae nasi; 

 2. the dilators, levator labii superioris alseque 

 nasi and the dilator nasi ; 3. the triangularis 

 nasi, which probably both dilates and contracts 

 the orifice of the nostrils according to the 

 attachment, which is fixed. 



The muscles of the face, including the 

 pyramidalis, the levator palpebrse, the naso- 

 labialis, and the dilator alae nasi, are sixteen 

 pairs in number; if we add the occipito- 

 frontalis, the corrugator supercilii, and the 

 platysma, nineteen pairs, and one symmetrical, 

 the orbicularis oris. Of these, four pairs 

 belong to the eye, three pairs to the nose, ten 

 pairs and one single one to the mouth : two 



pairs are common to the mouth and the 

 nose. 



The use of the muscles of the face with 

 respect to expression is a subject of so much 

 interest, and involves so many collateral facts, 

 that it will be better considered under the 

 separate article PHYSIOGNOMY. It will be 

 sufficient to observe here that the muscles which 

 express lively feeling and the gay passions, 

 such as the occipito-frontalis, the levator pal- 

 pebrarum, the levators and dilators of" the lips 

 and their commissure, do for the most part 

 either raise or draw the parts from the median 

 line; and that those muscles which manifest 

 the sadder feelings and the darker passions, 

 as the corrugator supercilii, the pyramidalis, 

 the levator menti, the depressors of the lower 

 lip and its commissure, either depress the 

 parts or draw them from the median line. 

 The constant and habitual exercise of either 

 of these sets of muscles leaves corresponding 

 permanent folds in the skin, which are in- 

 dicative of the habitual feelings and passions 

 of the individual. 



The integuments of the face. The skin of 

 the face is, with the exception of some parts, 

 remarkable for its tenuity, for its abundant 

 supply of vessels, nerves, and follicles ; for 

 the growth of hair, which covers some parts 

 of it; and for its attachment to the subjacent 

 muscles. The vascularity of the skin in some 

 parts is even beautiful, tinting the cheek and 

 lips, as in the act of blushing, assisting in the 

 expression of the feelings and passions. The 

 subcutaneous cellular tissue is, in general, very 

 dense in this region, and is mingled with more 

 or less fat, except on the eyelids, where it is 

 loose, delicate, and quite destitute of adipose 

 tissue. Generally speaking, the skin of the 

 face is more adherent, and the subjacent cel- 

 lular tissue is more dense and less fatty, along 

 the median line than at the lateral parts ; the 

 nose and lips offer examples of this fact. At 

 the sides the cellular tissue is looser below, 

 near the base of the jaw, than higher up on 

 the cheeks. Most of the muscles are more or 

 less surrounded with fat, which, however, par- 

 ticularly abounds on the cheeks and between 

 the masseter and buccinator muscles. 



Vessels of the face. The arteries are de- 

 rived chiefly from the external carotid, viz. 

 1. the external maxillary or the facial artery, 

 and its branches; 2. branches from the tem- 

 poral, particularly the transverse facial artery ; 

 3. branches from the internal maxillary, more 

 particularly the infra-orbitar, the buccal, and 

 the superior and inferior dental arteries; 4. 

 some arteries which emerge from the orbit and 

 are derived from the ophthalmic branch of the 

 internal carotid. These vessels communicate 

 very freely with each other, and form with 

 their accompanying veins an intricate vascular 

 network over the face. See CAROTID AR- 

 TERY. 



The veins are principally branches of the 

 external jugular, viz. 1 . the facial vein with 

 its branches, which correspond generally to the 

 trunk and branches of the facial artery, except 

 that the facial vein is rather more superficial 



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