338 



BONES OF THE FOOT. 



advert to them here as a group for the sake of 

 distinction. 



Tubercles have been found by the writer and 

 others, as already referred to, in the lungs, 

 liver, brain, spleen, peritoneum, and mesen- 

 tery, the glands of which have been found by 

 (Ehler in a state of complete scrofulous dege- 

 neration, not only in children born of a scro- 

 fulous mother, but in others also : in some 

 instances the tubercular formations were found 

 in a state of suppuration.* 



Scirrhous tumours have been already des- 

 cribed as found in the heart. 



The only instance of fungus haematodes in 

 the fetus of which the writer is aware, is one 

 which he had, not long since, an opportunity 

 of observing f with Dr. Alcock and Dr. Evan- 

 son in a child which lived only nine weeks ; at 

 birth an unusual fulness was observed about 

 the perineum and anus, which increased ra- 

 pidly until these parts became greatly pro- 

 truded, and a tumour was formed of the size 

 of a very large orange ; convulsions came on, 

 and the child died after much suffering : on 

 examination, the tumour was found to be a 

 perfect specimen of fungus haematodes. 



BIBLIOGRAPHY. Licetus ( Fortun.) De perfecta 

 constitutione hominis in utero, &c. 4to. Patavii, 

 1616'. Alsaro delta Croce, (Vincent), Disquisitio 

 generalu ad historiam foetus emortui nonimestris, 

 &c. 4to. Romae, 1627. Riolanus ( Joan. ) Foetus histo- 

 ria, 8vo. Parisiis, 1628. Fridericus (Joan. Arnoud.) 

 Tvfj.va.o- pa. ia.Tp.xov foetum quoad principia, partes 

 communes et proprias, differentias, morbos et sym- 

 ptornata, eorumdemque curationem offerens atque 

 exponens, 4to. lenae, 1658. Frank de Frankenau, 

 (Gcorg.) De impuberibus generantibus et parien- 

 tibus, foetu in foetu, embryo in embryo, et foetu ex 

 mortua matre, &c. Duettel, (Phil. Jac.) De 

 morbis foetus in utero materno, 4to. Halae Magdeb. 

 1702. Valentini, De morbis embryonum, Giessse, 

 1704. Storch, Kinderkrankheiten, Eisenach, 1750. 

 Socin (Joan. Abel.) De foetu hydropico, 4to. Basils, 

 1751. Jaeger, Observationes de feetibus recens 

 natis jam in utero mortuis, &c. 4to. Tubings, 1767. 

 Raulin, Traite des Maladies des Enfans, Paris, 

 1768. Gruner, De Naevorum Originibus, Jenas, 

 1778. Zierhold, De notabilibus quibusdam quae 

 fcetui in utero contingere possunt, Halas, 1778. 

 Hooyeveen, Tractatus de foetus humani morbis, 8vo. 

 Lugduni Bat. 1784. Engelhart, Dissertatio inaug. 

 Med. sistens morhos hominum a prima conforrna- 

 tione usque ad partum, 4 to. Jenae, 1792. Chaus- 

 sier. Discours prononce a 1'hospice de la Maternite, 

 Juin 1810 et Juin 1812. Ej. Proces Verbal de la 

 distribution des prix, 1812. Ej. Bulletins de la 

 Faculte de Medecine. Paris, 1813 et 1821. Murat, 

 Diet, des Sciences Med. art. Foetus, Paris, 1812. 

 Feller, Padiatrik, Subzbach, 1814. Oehler, Pro- 

 legomena in embryonis humani pathologiam, Diss. 

 inaug. Lipsiae, 1815. Joerg, Zur Physiologic und 

 Patbologie des Embryo, Lipsiae, 1818. F. B. 

 Osiander, Handbuch der Entb'indungskunst, Tubin- 

 gae, 1819. Seeligmann, Dissertatio de morbis 

 foetus humani, Erlangae, 1820. Zuccarini, Zur 

 Beleuchung der Krankheiten der menschlichen 

 Frucht, Erlangen, 1824. Desormeaujc, Diet, de 

 Med. torn. xv. art. (Euf; Paris, 1826. Prosper, S. 

 Denis, Recherches d'Anat. et de Physiol. patholo- 

 gique sur plusieurs maladies des Enfans nouveaux 

 nes. Paris, 1826. Hufeland, Die Krankheiten der 



* See section on the state of the Lungs, and 

 Billard, p. 648. 



t See his Exposition of the Signs and Symptoms 

 of Pregnancy, &c. p. 152. 



Ungebornen und die Vorsorge, &c. Journal der 

 praktischen Heilkunde, 1827. Meismer, Kinder- 

 krankheiten, Leipzig, 1828. Hardegg, De Morbis 

 foetus humani, Tubing*, 1828. Billard, Traite 

 des Maladies des Enfans nouveaux-nes et a la 

 mammelle, Paris, 1828. Bergk, De Morbis foetus 

 humani, Lipsiae, 1829. Cruveilhier, Anatomic 

 Pathologique du coi % ps humain, Paris, 1829. 

 Andry, Memoire sur les Maladies du foetus, &c. 

 Journal des Progres, 1830. Zairmeyer, De Mor- 

 bis foetus, Bonnae, 1832. Graetzer, Die Krankhei- 

 ten des foetus, Breslau, 1837. 



( W. F. Montgomery.) 



FOOT, BONES OF THE (in human ana- 

 tomy). The foot (pes ; Gr. Trovq; Fr. le pied ; 

 Germ, der Fuss) forms the inferior segment of 

 the lower extremity, being united to the leg at 

 the ankle-joint nearly at a right angle, so that 

 in the erect position on a plane surface the foot 

 is horizontal. The outline of the foot circum- 

 scribes an ovoidal figure, the long axis of which 

 is directed from before backwards ; and in the 

 same direction the foot is divided into three 

 segments, the anterior one surpassing that 

 behind it in mobility, but falling short of it in 

 solidity. These divisions are the tarsus, meta- 

 tarsus, and the toes. 



The size of the foot, taken as a whole, varies 

 in different individuals : it always exceeds that 

 of the hand, chiefly, however, in length and 

 thickness, its breadth being less than that of 

 the hand. In the hand we find divisions pre- 

 cisely analogous to those of the foot above 

 mentioned and similarly constructed, with this 

 difference, that the solid part of the foot is 

 more solid and more developed in every way 

 than the corresponding part of the hand, but 

 the moveable parts possess less mobility than 

 the analogous segments of the hand. The 

 parts of the foot and hand, as Mr. Lawrence 

 observes, are disposed inversely in respect to 

 their importance. The posterior portion of the 

 former and the anterior of the latter are of the 

 most consequence and possess the most remark- 

 able characters. In short, the foot is nothing 

 more than the hand so modified as to afford a 

 firm basis of support to the inferior extremity 

 in the erect posture. One of the most remark- 

 able of these modifications is that manifest in 

 the metatarsal bone of the great toe, which 

 corresponds to the metacarpal bone of the 

 thumb. The latter bone is connected with the 

 carpus so that it forms an acute angle with the 

 second metacarpal bone. It enjoys at its arti- 

 culation with the carpus a considerable degree 

 of mobility, in virtue of which exists the 

 opposable faculty of the thumb. On the other 

 hand, the metatarsal bone of the great toe 

 enjoys but a very limited degree of mobility at 

 its articulation with the tarsus : it lies parallel 

 to the adjacent bone and possesses considerable 

 strength. These remarkable differences, says 

 Mr. Lawrence, are easily understood when we 

 consider that the great toe, as one of the points 

 on which the body is supported, requires 

 solidity; while the thumb, being concerned in 

 all the numerous and varied motions of the 

 hand, must be organised for mobility. Those 

 animals in which the inferior segments of both 

 anterior and posterior extremities are eminently 



