494 



GLOSSO-PHARYNGEAL NERVE. 



Lastly, The laws in obedience to which the 

 glands are developed, are as universal as to 

 their existence in the animal kingdom, as those 

 which regulate the formation of the nervous, 

 osseous, and vascular systems; and thus it 

 may be noticed that the complex glands of 

 man and the mammalia, such as the parotid, 

 the pancreas, and the liver, pass, in the various 

 epochs of their development, through those 

 forms, which in the lower animals, and espe- 

 cially in the invertebrated tribes, constitute the 

 permanent structure. It may also be stated, 

 that when any particular gland first appears in 

 the animal series, it presents the most simple 

 structure, although the same gland in the 

 higher classes acquires the highest degree of 

 complexity. Thus, the liver in insects is tu- 

 bular, and in many of the amphibia excavated 

 into large cells ; the pancreas in fishes consists 

 of separate tubuli; the salivary glands of birds 

 are extremely simple ; so also are the mam- 

 mary glands in the Cetacea, and the prostate 

 glands in many of the Mammalia. 



BIBLIOGRAPHY. Malpighi, De vise, struct. 

 cap. iii. p. 18, et alibi ; De format. Pulli in ovo, 

 p. 20. Ruysch, Opera omnia, torn. iii. Holler, 

 Elem. Phys. ii. Ferrein, Mem. de 1'Acad. Roy. 

 des Sc. 1749. Cuvier, Le9ons d'Anat. Comp. torn. 

 iv. Rolando, Journ. Comp. des Sc. Med. torn. xvi. 

 The Treatises of Bichat, Meckel, and Beclard on 

 Gen. Anat. Mutter, De gland, secernent, struct, 

 penit. Handb. der Phy. I. Band. p. 418. Trans, 

 of ditto by Baly, vol. i. p. 441. Burdach, Phy. 

 II. Band. edit. 1837, pp. 258, 264, 287, 376, 375, 

 et alibi. This volume contains a large collection 

 of the most important facts relative to the deve- 

 lopment of the several organs, V. Band. p. 36 

 et seq. Kiernan in Phil. Trans. 1833. Valentin, 

 Handb. der Entwickelungs -geschichte, pp. 495, 

 514, 521, 533. Baer, De ovo Mammal., and in 

 Burdach's Phy. Cams, Anat. Comp. par Jour- 

 dan, torn. ii. Grant's Lect. on Comp. Anat. in 

 Lancet, 1833-34. Blumenbach, Man. of Comp. 

 Anat. by Coulson. Berres, Die Mikroskopischen 

 Gebilde des Menschlichen Kbrpers. 



(R. D. Grainger.) 



GLOSSO - PHARYNGEAL NERVE 



(nervus glosso-pharyngeus; part of the sixth 

 pair of Galen and the older anatomists ; part 

 of the eighth pair of Willis ; the ninth pair of 

 Soemmerring and some of the modern anato- 

 mists). The glosso-pharyngeal, par vagum, and 

 spinal accessory nerves were long considered 

 as forming a single nerve. Willis first clearly 

 pointed out the origin and course of the spinal 

 accessory, separated it from the par vagum, and 

 termed it the nervus accessorius. The glosso- 

 pharyngeal appears to have been generally de- 

 scribed at the time of Willis as a branch of the 

 par vagum. The term glosso-pharyngeal was 

 not applied to it until the time of Huber.* 

 Previous to the time of Willis, however, some 

 anatomists, more particularly Fallopius,t Eu- 



(1. c. p. 517.) Similar observations have been 

 made in other animals and in the human embryo 

 by Meckel. 



* Epistola Anat. de Nervo Intercostal!, De 

 Nervis Octavi et Noni Paris, &c. p. 17. Goet. 

 1744. 



t Opera quae adhuc existant omnia, p. 455. 

 Francof. 



stachius,*Bauhinus,fhad shown that this nerve 

 was really not a mere branch of the par vagum. 

 The same thing was stated, more or less strongly, 

 by many subsequent anatomists, more particu- 

 larly by Winslow,J Haller, and Vicq D'Azyr.j) 



Soemmerring H and Andersch** were, how- 

 ever, the first who fairly separated the glosso- 

 pharyngeal from the par vagum, and ranked it 

 as a distinct nerve. The glosso-pharyngei form 

 the ninth pair of Soemmerring's classification 

 of the encephalic nerves, and were termed the 

 eighth pair by Andersch. There can be no 

 doubt that if we adopt the numerical method 

 of naming these nerves, the glosso-pharyngei 

 properly form the ninth pair. To avoid, how- 

 ever, all the misunderstanding which is apt 

 to arise from the use of numerical names 

 when applied to these nerves, the best designa- 

 tion for the nerve at present under our conside- 

 ration is the glosso-pharyngeal, derived from its 

 being principally distributed upon the tongue 

 and the pharynx. I need scarcely state that, 

 under the term eighth pair, as it is most gene- 

 rally used in modern writings, is included the 

 glosso-pharyngeal, par vagum, and spinal ac- 

 cessory nerves, ff 



Origin. The glosso-pharyngeal nerve arises 

 by from two to six filaments from the restiform 

 body of the medulla oblongata, closely upon 

 the groove which separates the restiform from 

 the olivary body. At its origin it is placed im- 

 mediately above and in the same line with the 

 par vagum nerve, and between it and the portio 

 dura of the seventh pair. Its lower margin is 

 generally separated from the upper margin of 

 the par vagum by a few small bloodvessels. 



From its origin it first proceeds outwards 

 along with the par vagum and spinal accessory 

 to reach the foramen lacerum posterius. 

 Through the anterior and inner part of this 

 foramen it escapes from the interior of the cra- 

 nium, and is enclosed in a strong and separate 

 sheath furnished by the dura mater.JJ In its 

 passage through the foramen lacerum it is 

 placed anterior to the par vagum and spinal 

 accessory and the commencement of the inter- 



* Explicatio Tabularum Anatomicarum Eusta- 

 chii, tab. xviii. Bat. 1744. 



t Theatrum Anatomicum, cap. xxiii. p. 659. 

 Francof. 1605. 



| Exposition Anatomique de la Structure du 

 Corps Humain, torn. iii. p. 106. Amstel. 1743. 



ElementaPhysiol. torn. iv. cap. xxix. p. 231-2. 

 Laus. 1562. 



|| Traite d'Anatomie et de Physiologic avec dea 

 planches coloriees, etc. No. iii. p. 56. Paris, 1786. 



U" De Basi Encephali et Originibus Nervorum, 

 &c. in torn. ii. p. 97. Ludwie. Script. Neurol. 

 Sel. Min. 1792. 



** Fragmentum Descrip. Nerv. Cardiac, in torn, 

 ii. Ludwig. Sc. Neur. Sel. Min. p. 113. 



ft Those who may wish to examine at greater 

 length the literature of this nerve may consult 

 Soemmerring Oper. Cit. p. 97, and more particu- 

 larly Kilian Anatomische Untersuchungen iiber 

 dasneunte Hirnnervenpaar oderden Nervus Glosso- 

 pharyngeus, p. 1-62. Pesth, 1822. 



ft According to Morgagni (Adversar. Anat. vi. 

 Animad. xii.) and Wrisberg (De Nervis Pharyn- 

 gis, in torn. iii. p. 52. Ludwig. Script. Neur. Sel. 

 Min.) this septum separating the glosso-pharyn- 

 geal from the par vagum is sometimes osseous. 



