ORGAN OF HEARING. 



563 



panic cavity communicate with the throat by 

 the Eustachian tube. In the tympanic cavity 

 there is a chain of small bones, articulated to 

 each other and moved by muscles, which 

 serves to produce some change in the state of 

 tension of the soft parts of the ear-bulb ; in 

 the conjunctival space there is nothing analo- 

 gous, although, without pushing the point too 

 far, we might compare the muscles of the eye- 

 ball with those of the ossicles of the tym- 

 panum, both being equally, in fact, outside 

 their respective mucous membranes. In re- 

 gard to the ossicles I would remark that, 

 according to the views of Weber,* they must 

 be reckoned among those which do not belong 

 to the skeleton, and which are of very incon- 

 stant occurrence. Such are the bone of the 

 penis in many animals, the teeth, the ring of 

 bony plates round the. front of the sclerotica of 

 the bird's eye, $c. 



A part in the composition of the appendages 

 of the eye analogous to the membrana tym- 

 pani is only to be conceived by supposing the 

 existence of a mediate anchyloblepharon, that 

 is, an irregular membrane stretched between 

 the edges of the eyelids, uniting them toge- 

 ther and closing in the space lined by the con- 

 junctiva, which space would now communi- 

 cate with the exterior, only by the lachrymal 

 canalicules and nasal duct, in the same way 

 that the tympanic cavity communicates with 

 the exterior only by the Eustachian tube. A 

 congenital fissure or total absence of the mem- 

 brana tympani is an irregularity of structure 

 in the ear, which may be compared to what is 

 regular in the eye. A mind accustomed to 

 trace analogies will perceive a resemblance : 

 to the external auditory passage in that short 

 space at the opening of the eyelids extending 

 from the inner edge of the tarsal margin to the 

 outer ; to the ceruminous glands in the Mei- 

 bomian follicles; and to the hairs at the en- 

 trance of the auditory passage in the eyelashes. 

 The auricle, if it is necessary to look for a part 

 corresponding to it, may be placed in the same 

 category with the eyebrows. 



BIBLIOGRAPHY. General Works on the Organ 

 of Hearing. 



Gabriel Fallopius, Observationes Anatomies. 

 Coloniae, 1562, 8vo. Bartholomew Eustachius, Epis- 

 tola de organis auditus. In ejus Opusculis Anato- 

 micis. Venetiis, 1563, 4to. pp. 148-164. Volcher 

 Koiter, De auditus instrumento. In ejus extern, 

 et intern, princip. c. h. partium tabulae, &c. Nori- 

 bergre, 1573, fol. pp. 88-105. Hieronymus Fabri- 

 cius ab Aqiiapendente, Libellus de visione, voce et 

 auditu. Rec. in ejus Opp. a B. S. Albino editis. 

 Lugd. Batav. 1737, fol. Julius Casserius, De vocis 

 auditusque organis historia anatomies. Ferrariae, 

 1600, fol. Et in ejus Pentaestheseion, h. e. de 

 quinque sensibus liber. Francof. 1610, fol. lib. iv. 

 pp. 148-255. CfEcili'ts Folitts, Nova internae auris 

 delineatio. Venetiis, 1645. 4. Recus. in Bartho- 

 lini epistolis et in Halleri collect, dissert, anat. 

 vol. iv. p. 365. Jean Mery, Description exacte de 

 1'oreille ; ed. cum Lamy explic. mechan. des fonc- 

 tions de 1'ame. Paris, 1687, 12mo. Guichard 

 Joseph du Verney, Observation sur 1'organe de 

 1'ouie, Mem. de Paris, vol. i. p. 395. Ditto, Traite 



* Hildebrandt's Anatomie, Baud. iv. p. 39. 



de 1'organe de 1'ouie, contenant la structure, les 

 usages et les maladies de toutes les parties de 

 1'oreille. Paris, 1683-1718, 12mo. Leide, 1731, 

 8vo. Treatise on the organ of hearing. London, 

 1737, 8vo. G. C. Sckelhammer, De auditu liber 

 unus, &c. Lugd. Batav. 1684, 8vo. Rec. in Man- 

 geti Bibl. anat. torn. ii. A. M. Vahalva, De aure 

 humana tractatus, &c. Genevae, 1716, 4to. Ditto, 

 Opera, h. e. tractatus de aure humana editione hac 

 quarta accuratissime descriptus tabulisque arche- 

 typis exornatus, &c. Omnia recensuit, &c. Joannes 

 Baptista Morgagnus : tomi duo. Venetiis, 1740, 

 4to. R. Vieu&sens, Epistola ad Societatem Reg. 

 Lond. missa de organo auditus. Philosophical 

 Transactions, 1699, vol. xxi. p. 370. Ditto, Traite 

 de la structure de 1'oreille. Toulouse, 1714, 4to. 

 J. F. Cassebohm, Disp. anat. inaug. de aure interna. 

 Francof. cis Viadr. 1730, 4to. Ditto, Tractatus 

 quatuor anatomici de aure humana, tribus figura- 

 rum* tabulis illustrati. Halae Magd., 1734, 4to. 

 Ditto, Tractatus quintus de aure humana, cui acce- 

 dic tractatus sextus anatomicus de aure monstri 

 humani c. tribus figurarum tabulis. Halae Magd. 

 1735, 4to. JB. S. Albinus, De aure humana inte- 

 riore. In ejus Academicarum annotationum, lib. 

 iv. Leidae, 1758, 4to. cap. ii. p. 14-15, tab. i. ii. 

 Geoffroy, Dissertations sur 1'organe de 1'ouie ; 

 IP. de rhomme; 2o. des reptiles ; 3o. des poissons. 

 Amsterdam, 1778, 8vo. A. Scctrpa, Disquisitiones 

 anatomicae de auditu et olfactu. Ticini et Medio- 

 lani, 1789, fol. c. tab. aen. A. Comparetti, Obser- 

 vationes anatomicae de aure interna comparata, c. 

 tab. iii. aen. Patavii, 4to. The date, 1789, is on 

 the title-page, but the book did not appear until 

 1791. C. F. L. Wildberg, Versuch einer anato- 

 misch - physiologisch - pathologischen Abhandlung 

 iiber die Gehb'rwerkzeuge des Menschen. Mit Kup- 

 fern. Jena, 1795. S. T. Soemmerring, Abbildung- 

 en des menschlichen Hbrorgans. Frankf. a M, 

 1806, fol. Icones organi auditus humani. Francof. 

 1806, fol. J. C. Saundei-s, The anatomy of the 

 human ear, &c. with a treatise on the diseases of 

 that organ, &c. Lond. 1829. C. E. Pohl, Expo- 

 sitio generalis anatomica organi auditus per classes 

 animalium. Accedunt quinque tabulae lithogra- 

 phicae. Vindobonae, 1818, 4to. T. H. Weber, De 

 aure et auditu hominis et animalium. Lipsias, 

 1820. D. De BlainviUe, Traite de 1'organisatioa 

 des Animaux, &c. vol. i. Aestheseiologie. Paris, 

 1822. J. van der Hoeven, Disput. anat. phys. de 

 organo auditus in homine. Traj. ad Rhen. 1822, 

 8vo. Expose sommaire des nouvelles recherches 

 du Dr. Ribes sur quelques parties de 1'oreille in- 

 terne, in Magendie, Journal de Physiologic Experi- 

 mentale, vol. ii. p. 237. A. Fischer, Tractatus 

 anatomico-physiologicus de auditu hominis, cum. 

 tribus tabul. aeri incis. Mosquae, 1825, 8vo. J. C. 

 Tettle, De 1'oreille, essai d'anatomie et de physio- 

 logic precede d'un expose des lois de 1'acoustique. 

 Paris, 1828, 8vo. G. Breschet, Recherches ana- 

 tomiques et phvsioloques sur 1'organe de 1'ouie et 

 sur 1'audition, dans rhomme et les animaux verte- 

 bres, 4to. Paris, 1836. Also in Memoires de 

 1'Academie Royale de Medecine, torn. v. 3e fasci- 

 cule. Paris, 1836. C. G. Lincke, Das Gehbrorgau 

 in anatomischer, physiologischer und pathologisch- 

 anatomischer Hinsicht ; also, under the title, Hand- 

 buch der theoretischen und praktischen Ohrenheil- 

 kunde. Istr. Band. Leipzig, 1837. 



Works on particular parts of the organ of hearing. 



On the labyrinth. J. G. Brendel, Progr. de au- 

 ditu in apice conchas. Goetting. 1747. Recus. in 

 Halleri Collect, diss. anat. vol. iv. p. 399. Progr. 

 quaedam analecta de concha auris humanae. Goet- 

 tingae, 1747, 4to. ; also in his Opusc. edit. Wris- 

 berg. Goett. 1769, 4to. vol. i. J. G. Zinn, Obser- 

 vationes de vasis subtilioribus oculi et cochleae auris 

 internae. Goettingae, 1753, 4to. D. Cotunni, De 

 aquaeductibus auris humanae interns anatomica dis- 

 sertatio. Neapoli, 1761, 8vo. Viennae, 1774, 8vo. 

 Recus. in Sandit'ort Thesaur. dissert, vol. i. p. 389. 

 P. F. Meckel, Diss. de labyrinthi auris content.!*. 



2 P 2 



