684 



HEIIMAPHRODITISM. 



opportunity of treating several of these more 

 fully in our article on RESPIRATION. 



Lavoisier, from his labours on combustion, 

 which laid the foundation of the chemical 

 doctrines of the age that has just elapsed, 

 conceived the ingenious idea of explaining the 

 phenomena of animal heat by the combustion 

 of the carbon and hydrogen of the blood by 

 the oxygen of the air in the process of respi- 

 ration, and the experiments which he instituted 

 upon this point along with the illustrious La 

 Place appeared to confirm his idea. Still it 

 was found impossible to give an account of the 

 production of the whole heat engendered by 

 animals. All that Lavoisier and La Place in- 

 ferred was, that the heat evolved by an animal 

 was almost entirely produced by the combus- 

 tion which occurs in respiration. As the calo- 

 rific power was measured in one animal, and 

 the consumption of oxygen in another, it is 

 evident that the inference, vitiated in its ele- 

 ments, became much less precise than it would 

 otherwise have been. 



This consideration as well as others induced 

 M. Dulong, who is as well versed in mecha- 

 nical philosophy as in chemistry, to take up 

 this subject again. After numerous experi- 

 ments, conducted with every precaution that 

 could secure accuracy of result, he found that 

 the heat disengaged by the fixation of the 

 oxygen in the act of respiration was not equal 

 to the whole of that which was produced by 

 an animal. This inquiry (which however stood 

 in no need of confirmation) has been con- 

 firmed by the analogous inquiries of M. De- 

 spretz, who arrived at the same numerical 

 results. The hypothesis in question, there- 

 fore, gives no solution of the problem. 



The general works on Physiology, particularly 

 those of Rudolphi and Tiedemann. Czermack, On 

 the Temperature of Reptiles, in Zeitschr. fiir Phy- 

 sik, &c. Bd.3. Berthold, Neue v,'rsuche uber die 

 Temperature, &c. Getting. 1835. Transl. in Ann. 

 d'Anatomie, &c. Mai 1838. Newport, Temp, of 

 Insects, Phil. Trans. 1837. Becquerel $ Breschet, 

 Mem. surlaChaleur Animate, in Ann. des Sciences, 

 Nat. Seconde Serie, t. 3, 4, & 9. 



( W. F. Edwards.) 



BIBLIOGRAPHY. Martine, Essay on the genera- 

 tion of Animal Heat, in Essays Med. and Philos. 

 Lond. 1740. Holler, De general, caloris, &c. Goett. 

 1741. Stevenson, Essay on the cause of Animal 

 Heat, &c. Med. Essays and Obs. vol. 5. Mortimer, 

 Letter concerning the Nat. Heat of Animals, Phil. 

 Trans. 1745. Braun, De calore animalium, Nov. 

 Comm. Petrop. t. 13. Duncan, Hypotheses of the 

 cause of Animal Heat, Med. and Phil. Com. vol. 

 6. Experts. c. Min. of Society for Philos. Ex- 

 perts, p. 157. Martin (A.R.), Various Papers on 

 Animal Heat in the Svenska Vetensk. Akad. Hand- 

 lingar for the years 1764 and 1766. Hunter, Ex- 

 perts, on the power of producing Heat, and on the 

 Heat of Vegetables and Animals, Phil. Trans. 1775- 

 1778, and in Animal Economy. Crawford (D.J.M.), 

 De Calore A nimali, Edinb. Exprts. and Obs. on 

 Animal Heat, Phil. Trans. 1786, separately, 2d ed. 

 1788. Leslie, Philos. Inquiry into Animal Heat, 

 Lond. 1778. Rigby, Essay on the Theory of the 

 Prod, of Animal Heat, Lond. 1785. Deluroche et 

 Berger, Memoire, &c. in Journ. de Physique, t. 71. 

 Brodie, in Croonian Lecture, Phil. Trans. 1811. 

 Davy, An Ace. of some Experts, on Animal Heat, 

 Phil. Trans. 1814. Legallois, Mem. sur la chaleur 

 animale, Ann. de Chimie, t. iv. Earle, Influence of 

 the nervous system in regulating Heat, Med. Chir. 

 Trans, vol. vii. Chossat, Influence du Systeme 

 Nerveux surlaChaleur Animale, These, Paris, 1820. 

 Dulong, De la Chaleur Animale, Journ. de Physiol. 

 t. 3. Despretz (Rich.}, Exper.sur la Chaleur Anim. 

 Ann. de Chimie, t. 26. Home, Influence of the 

 Nerves in producing Animal Heat, Phil. Trans, v. 

 115. Collard de Martigny,De ^Influence de la Cir- 

 culation, &c. sur la Chaleur du Sang, Journ. Com- 

 plena, t. xliii. Vide also Journ. Complem. t. xxvi. 



HERMAPHRODITISM, 



DISM;* Hermaphrodisia; androgynisme, gynan- 

 drisme ; hermaphroditisme, &c., of the French ; 

 ermaphrodismo of the Italians ; Zwitterbildung 

 of the Germans, &c. 



Many different definitions of hermaphro- 

 ditism, and almost an equal number of diffe- 

 rent classifications of the malformations usu- 

 ally comprehended under it, have been proposed 

 by the various authors, ancient and modern, 

 who have directed their attention to this sub- 

 ject. Without stopping to discuss the merits 

 or errors of these definitions and classifications, 

 and without inquiring, as some have done, 

 into the propriety of the word itself, we shall 

 content ourselves with stating that under it, as 

 a convenient generic term, we purpose in the 

 present article to include an account 1st, of 

 some varieties of malformation in which the 

 genital organs and general sexual configura- 

 tion of one sex approach, from imperfect or ab- 

 normal developement, to those of the opposite; 

 and 2d, of other varieties of malformation, in 

 which there actually coexist upon the body of 

 the same individual more or fewer of the geni- 

 tal organs and distinctive sexual characters 

 both of the male and female. 



To separate from one another, by as strong a 

 line as possible, the two distinct varieties of 

 hermaphroditic malformation marked out in 

 this definition, we shall divide hermaphroditic 

 malformations, considered as a class, into the 

 two orders of Spurious and True ; the spurious 

 comprehending such malformations of the 

 genital organs of one sex as make these organs 

 approximate in appearance and form to those 

 of the opposite sexual type; and the order, 

 again, of true hermaphroditism including 

 under it all cases in which there is an actual 

 mixture or blending together, upon the same 

 individual, of more or fewer of both the male 

 and female organs. 



Spurious hermaphroditism may occur either 

 in the male or female ; that is, there may, from 

 malformation of the external sexual organ, be 

 an appearance of hermaphroditism in persons 

 actually of the female sex, or from a similar 

 cause there may be an appearance of herma- 

 phroditism in persons actually of the male sex. 

 The differences derived from the diversity of 

 sex in which spurious hermaphroditism occurs, 

 and the particular varieties of malformation in 

 each sex which may give rise to it, will serve as 



* From the well-known mythological fable o^ 

 the union into one, of the bodies of Hermaphro- 

 dites (the son of Ep^ujjf, Mercury, and A<f>f8Vri 

 Venus,) and the nymph Salmacis. See Ovid's Me~ 

 tamorphoses, lib. iv. lab. 8. 



