IIERMAPHRODITISM. 



721 



animal, where a single horn was present, situ- 

 ated also on the same side with the diseased 

 and degenerated ovary; and Russell* states, 

 as the result of his experiments on castration 

 in the deer, that when lie removed one testicle 

 only from the animal, the horn on the opposite 

 side was the more completely developed of the 

 two. Azaraf observed in two birds the right 

 side of the tail to possess the characters of the 

 male, and the left those of the female. 



In the hermaphroditic lobster previously al- 

 luded to as described by ISicholls, the general 

 external configuration of the body was, like 

 that of the sexual organs, perfectly female on 

 one side, and perfectly male on the other. 



It is principally, however, among herma- 

 phroditic insects that a difference of sexual 

 type in the general conformation of the oppo- 

 site sides of the body, and of its individual 

 parts, has been observed ; and this malforma- 

 tion is the more striking and easy of obser- 

 vation in this class of animals, on account of 

 the great differences in colour, size, and form 

 respectively presented by the antennae, wings, 

 and other parts of the body of the males and 

 females of the same species. 



Lateral hermaphroditism of the body in In- 

 sects has been most frequently observed by 

 Entomologists amongst the class Lepidoptera. 

 It has now been remarked in the following 

 species: in the Argynnis paphia, Lyctena 

 alexis, Satumia pyri, Endrowis versicolor, and 

 Harpya vinula (Ochsenheiraer) ; in the Gas- 

 trophaga jnedicaginis and Lycgna adonis 

 (Rudolphi) ; in the Liparis dispar (Schaefer, 

 Ochsenheimer, and Rudolphi) ; in the Sa- 

 turnia Carpini (Capieux, Ochsenheimer, and 

 Rudolphi); iniheGastrophagaquerci/blia (Hett- 

 linger and Rudolphi); in the Gastrophaga pini 

 (Scopoli); in the Gastrophaga crattegi (Esper); 

 in the Sphinx convolvuli (Ernst); Sphinx populi 

 (Fischer and Westwood) ; Papilio polycaon 

 (Macleay); Polyommatus alexis (Entomolog. 

 Mag. vol. iii. p. 304); Bombyx castrensis 

 (Duval) ; in the Argynnis paphia (Allis) ; 

 in the Vanessa atalanta (Schrank and Germar); 

 and in the Vanessa antiopha and Deilephila 

 euphorbia (Germar). Klug and Germar have 

 recorded two instances of it among the Cole- 

 optera, the former in the Luc anus cervus, and 

 the latter in the Melolontha vulgaris ; and Mr. 

 Westwood mentions a third case in the large 

 water-beetle ( Dyticus marginalia), as con- 

 tained in Mr. Hope's collection, and has seen 

 a fourth in the stag-beetle ( Luc an us ctrvus). 



Out of twenty-nine recorded cases of lateral 

 hermaphroditism in Insects, in which the 

 sexual characters of each side are distinctly 

 specified, we find that in seventeen instances 

 the right side was male, and in twelve female. 

 Burmeister alleges that in by far the majority 

 of cases the right side is male, and the left 

 female, a statement in which Meckel co- 

 incides, while Westwood maintains the reverse. 

 The cases we have ourselves collected are cer- 

 tainly numerically in favour of the former 



* Economy of Nature in Glandular Diseases, 

 t Kob's Dissert, de Mutatione Sexus, p. 19. 

 VOL. II. 



opinion, but the data are as yet so few, and 

 the difference so trifling, as not to warrant us 

 to come to any decided conclusion on this 

 point. 



In some instances we find among insects an 

 imperfect lateral hermaphroditism consisting of 

 some parts of one side, as of one or more of the 

 wings, palpi, or antennae being formed according 

 to a different sexual type from the same parts 

 of the opposite side, and from the general body 

 of the animal. Thus in the Melitcea described 

 and dissected by Rlug (see Lateral Herma- 

 phroditism) the general form of the insect was 

 male, but the left eye, palpus, antenna, and left 

 sexual fang were smaller than in individuals 

 belonging to this sex; the left antenna was 

 annulated with white and yellow at the apex, 

 while the right was of one colour; the general 

 form of the abdomen was male but somewhat 

 thick, and the wings were all equal and male. 



In a Pontia duplidice mentioned by Rudol- 

 phi, and which in its general external characters 

 was female, the right anterior wing was formed 

 after the male type, and the sexual organs also 

 resembled those of the male. 



Ochsenheimer mentions one Gastrophaga 

 quercus with the body, and the antenna? and 

 wings on the left side female, and the right wings 

 male ; and a second with the body and the 

 right side female, and the left side and two an- 

 tennae male, the latter being brown and pecti- 

 nated. 



In this imperfect variety of lateral herma- 

 phroditism, the malformed wing, antenna, or 

 palpus is sometimes formed after one sexual 

 type and coloured after another. In a male 

 Melitcea phaebe noticed by Germar, the right 

 wings and antenna were female in regard to size, 

 but male in respect to colouring and markings. 

 In a female Deilephila galii, he found the left 

 antenna and palpus of the small size of the male, 

 but agreeing in colouring and markings with the 

 corresponding female parts on the right side. 

 In a Pontia cardamines, which was male in 

 all its other characters, Ochsenheimer observed 

 the right superior wing marked as in the 

 female, and he mentions another individual of 

 the same species which had a female form with 

 some male colours. 



In another variety of insect hermaphroditism 

 the sexual difference is sometimes, as we have 

 already noticed in regard to the human subject, 

 expressed not by a lateral, but by a longitudinal 

 sexual antagonism, or, in other words, the 

 anterior and posterior parts of the body are 

 formed after the two opposite sexual types. 

 Thus in a Saturnia carpini described by 

 Ochsenheimer, the antennae were male, the 

 superior wings male in form, but coloured as 

 in the female, and the posterior wings, with the 

 exception of a reddish brown spot upon the left, 

 were, with the body and other parts, female. 



Lastly , in a third variety of external hermaphro- 

 ditic conformation in Insects, we find the char- 

 acters of the two sexes mixed up and crossed in 

 different irregular combinations upon the body 

 of the same individual. In a Gastrophaga 

 castrensis described by Rudolphi, and where 

 the male type predominated, with a tendency, 



3 B 



