IIERMAPIIRODITISM. 



737 



The fact itself, however we may explain it, 

 of the comparatively extreme rarity of both 

 male and female sexual organs upon double 

 monsters seems sufficiently established by va- 

 rious careful investigations made into the sub- 

 ject. Thus out of forty-two perfectly double 

 monsters which Haller* was able to collect at 

 the time at which he wrote, there were only 

 two that were supposed to be of double sex, 

 or, in other words, that had one body male, 

 and the other female. Among double-headed 

 monsters with single lower extremities, he 

 found an hermaphroditic type more common, 

 and adduces three examples of it. 



In re- investigating this matter, the late Pro- 

 fessor Meckelf could discover among the nu- 

 merous class of monsters with perfectly double 

 bodies united anteriorly or laterally by the tho- 

 rax and abdomen, only one very doubtful case 

 of exception to the above general fact. In the 

 class of double monsters united in the region 

 of the pelvis he mentions two exceptional 

 cases from Valentin* and Hasenest; of double- 

 headed monsters with single bodies, he quotes 

 three similar cases from Lemery,|| Bacher,1[ 

 and Bilsius ;** and of monsters with a single 

 head and double body he adduces two cases 

 from Brissaeustt and Condamine,t in which 

 in a like manner one body of the monster was 

 supposed to have female, and the other male 

 sexual organs. Several of these cases, how- 

 ever, certainly rest upon too doubtful authority 

 and insufficient observation. 



Isidore St. Hilaire has still further extended 

 the data on which the above general fact is 

 founded, by shewing that the same uniformity 

 of sex holds good with respect to double para- 

 sitical monsters, and even in monstrosities 

 double by inclusion. Thus out of this last in- 

 teresting class of double monsters, he al!udes|||| 

 to ten distinct cases in which the sex of the 

 included being was ascertained. In six out of 

 these ten cases the including and included body 

 were both male; and in the other four they 

 were both female. 



On the whole, therefore, we must consider 

 as founded on a proper induction from the ex- 

 isting data, the axiom of Meckel, " Sexuum 

 diversorum indicia in eodem organismo, quan- 

 tumvis duplicitate peccet, non dari, sed unum 

 tantum observari."^[[ But while all the data 

 hitherto collected with regard to this subject 



one family in the different branches of which 

 twelve pairs of twins have been born within three 

 generations. In eleven out of these twelve pairs 

 the co-twins have been of opposite sex.es. 



* Opusc. Anat. (1751,) p. 176. 



t De Duplicitate Monstrosa, p. 21. 



j Eph. Nat. Cur. Dec. ii. Ann. iii. p. 190. 



Comment. Lit. Norimb. (1743.) p. 58. 



f| Mem. de 1'Acad. des Sc. de Paris, for 1724. 



^ Roux' Jour, de Med. (1788,) p. 483. 



** Blankaari's Coll. Med. &c. (1680.) 



it Six Observat. de M. Brisseau, (Paris, 1734,) 

 p. 33. 



$: Mem. de 1'Acad. des Sc.(1733,) p. 401. 



\tt Hist, des Anomal. de 1'Oreaniz. torn. iii. pp. 

 235 and 386. 

 HI! Ib.p.311. 



"" De Duplic. Monst. p. 21. 

 VOL. II. 



would seem to point it thus out as one of the 

 most constant and best ascertained laws in te- 

 ratology, still we are not altogether disposed to 

 consider it with Zeviani* and Lesauvagef as 

 subject to no exceptions whatever. In the 

 study of monstrosities, as in the study of other 

 departments of medical science, we find many 

 general, but no universal laws. 



BIBLIOGRAPHY. Affaitat (J.), De hermaphro- 

 ditis, Venet. 1549. Columbus, De re anatomica, 

 lib. xv. Venet. 1559. Bauhin (Caspar), De her- 

 maphroditorum monstrorumque partium natura. 

 Francof. 1609. Schenkius (J. G. ), Monstroium 

 historia memorabilis, Frankf. 1609. Riolan, Dis- 

 cours sur les hermaphrodites, Paris, 1614. Zac- 

 chias, Questiones medico-Jegales, lib. vii. Frankf. 

 1657. Palfyn, Licetus' Traite des monstres. Leid. 

 1708. Parsons, A mechanical and critical inquiry 

 into the nature of hermaphrodites, Phil. Trans. 

 No. xli. and8vo. London,1741. Buryhard, Gruend- 

 liche Nachrict von cinem Hermaphroditen, Bresl. 

 1743. Mertrvd, Dissertation sur la fameuse her- 

 maphrodite, &c. Paris, 1749. Morand, De her- 

 maphroditis, Paris, 1749. Arnuud, Treatise on 

 hermaphrodites, London, 1750 ; also in Memoireg 

 de Chirurgie, torn. i. London and Paris, 1768. 

 Holler, Commentatio de hermaphroditis, et an 

 dentur ? in Comment. Societ. Reg. Sc. Gottin- 

 gensis, torn. i. p. 1-26. Getting. 1752; and Ib. 

 in his Opera Minora, torn. ii. Lusan. 1764. Can- 

 tier, Observations sur 1'histoire naturelle, &c. 

 p. 16, &c. Paris, 1752. Ferrein, Sur le veritable 

 sexe de ceux qu'on appelle hermaphrodites ; in 

 Mem. de 1'Acad des Sciences, 1757. Hunter (J.), 

 Account of a Free-martin, Philos. Trans. 1779; 

 and Animal Economy, p. 55. London, 1792 ; or in 

 the recent edition by Owen, 1838. Seiler, Observ. 

 nonnul. de Testiculorum Descensu et Part. Gecit. 

 Anomalis, Leipzig, 1787. Osiander, Ueber die 

 Geschlechtsverwechselungen Neugeborner Kinder, 

 in his Denkwurdiekeiten f iir Geburtshiilfe, Bd. II. 

 s. 462. Gotting. 1795, and in the NeueDenkwurdigk, 

 Bd.I. s. 245. Wrisberg, De Singulari Deformitate 

 Genitalium in puero Hermaphroditum Mentiente, 

 Gotting. 1796; and in his Comment. Medici, Phy- 

 siolog. &c. Argument!. Gotting. 1800, p. 504-551. 

 Pinel (Ph.), Vices de conformation des parties 

 genitales, &c. in Mem. de la Soc. Med. d'Emulat. 

 torn. iv. p. 234. Paris, 1796. lloureau de la Sarthe, 

 Quelques considerations sur 1'hermaphrodisme, 

 ibid. torn. i. p. 243 ; also in his Histoire Naturelle 

 de laFemme, torn. i. p. 211. Paris, 1803. Pietsch, 

 Gedanken von den Zwittern, in the old Hamburgh 

 Magazin. Bd. IV. s. 538. Home (Ev.), Dissec- 

 tion of an hermaphrodite dog, and Obs. on herma- 

 phrodites in Philos. Trans. 1795 ; On animals 

 preternaturallv formed, Lect. on Comp. Anat. 

 vol. iii. London, 1823. Voiytel, Handb. der Pathol. 

 Anat. Bd. III. Halle, 1805. Ackermann, Infantis 

 androgyni hist, et iconog. Jena, 1805. Schuberth, 

 Von Unterschiede der beiden Geschlechter, in his 

 Allgem. Gesichte des Lebens. Th. I. Leipz. 1806. 

 Schneider, Der Hermaphroditismus, in Kopp's 

 Jahrb. der Staatsarzntikunde, p. 193, 1809. 

 Meckel, Ueber die Zwittrrbildung, in Roil's Archiv 

 fuer die Physiol. Bd. XI. Halle, 1812; Handb. 

 der Pathol. Anat. Bd. II. Leipz. 1816; System 

 der Vergleich. Anatomie, Halle, 1821. Burdach, 

 Metamorphose der Geschlechter, in Anatona. Un- 

 tersuchungen, Leipzig, 1814 ; Physiologip, Bd I. 

 Leipzig, 1826. Metzyer, Syst. der Gericlul. Arz- 

 neywiss. Konigsb. 1814. Marc, Bulletin des Sc. 

 Medicalos, torn. viii. p. 179 & 245; Articles on her- 

 maphrodites in the Diction, des Sciences Medicales, 

 torn. xxi. p. 36-121, Paris, 1817; and Dirt, de 

 Medecine, torn. xi. p. 91, Ib. 1824. Steghlener, 



* Mem. della Soc. Italian, torn. ix. p. 521. 

 f Mem. snr les Monstr. par Inclusion (Caen, 

 1829) ; or Archiv. Gen. de Med. torn. xxv. p. 140. 



3 C 



