200 



QUADRUMANA. 



bones, and meets there the sagittal suture, 

 which is evidently a proof of inferiority, as 

 A. G. Otto indicated a few years ago.* The 

 depressed chin, the narrowness of the inter- 

 orbital space, the single nasal bone in most of 

 the genus, are the other characters by which 

 the Semnopithed show their lower rank in the 

 animal kingdom. 



This lower rank, however, is much more 

 evident in the Inui, in which the prominent 

 bony muzzle, the elevated superciliary ridges, 

 the depressed forehead, the flat receptacle for 

 the brain, the chin falling backwards, the long 

 and narrow palate, the single nasal bone, ap- 

 proach to the form of many Carnivora, and 

 manifest an evident inferiority. The facial 

 suture of the intermaxillary crone disappears 

 only in the very old ones. All this is still 

 more apparent in the Inuus sylvanus (fig> 1 19), 



Fig. 119. 



Skull of Inuus sylvanus. (Original, Mus. 

 Zool. Soc. Amsterdam.) 



in which the face is more flat and the chin 

 more depressed than in the other species. In 

 the skull of an adult, I found the facial suture 

 of the intermaxillary bone almost obliterated. 



In no monkeys, after all, the expression of 

 animality is more distinct than in the Cyno- 

 cephali(Jig. 120), in which the contracted fore- 



Fig. 120. 



Skull of Cynocephalus porcarius. (Original, Mus. 

 G.Vrolik.) 



head, the flattened occiput, the formidable 

 canine teeth, the huge jaws, the strong ex- 

 panded zygomatic arches, the largely deve- 

 loped cranial ridges, the projecting superciliar 

 tuberosities, and the small extension of the 

 cerebral cavity, contribute to form a hideous 

 aspect, principally in the Mandrill, in which 



* A. G. Otto, De rarioribus quibusdara Sceleti 

 human! cum Animalium Sceleto Analogiis Vratis- 

 lavise, 1839, p. 9. 



the convex supermaxillary ridges give an ad- 

 ditional feature to their ferocious appearance. 

 For the description of the skeleton of the 

 monkeys of the old world, we shall select the 

 two extremes, theChimpanzce and the Mandrill, 

 (figs. 121 and 122). The vertebral column of 



Fig. 121. 



Skeleton of the Chimpanzee. (After Owen.) 



the Chimpanzee presents but few deviations from 

 that of the human subject. The number of 

 true vertebra is the same, but an additional 

 pair of ribs takes one from the lumbar, to be 

 added to the dorsal or costal series. The 

 spines of the seven cervical vertebrae are 

 simple and elongated, not short and bifurcated 

 as in the human subject ; that of the third 

 vertebra is the shortest, with the exception of 

 the atlas, where the spine is wanting. The 

 bodies of the lumbar vertebrce are proportion- 

 ally smaller in the Chimpanzee than in man, 

 where they are enlarged in reference to his 

 erect position. This difference from the bi- 



