QUADRUMANA. 



209 



monkeys of the Old World and the human 

 subject. 



Fig. 131. 



Laryngeal pouch of the adult Orang-cetan. 

 (After Sandifort.} 



In the organs of digestion, there is much 

 difference to be observed in the various spe- 

 cies of monkeys. The Apes, viz. the Chim- 

 panzee, the Orang-cetan, and the Gibbons, offer 

 much resemblance in these organs to those of 

 man. The stomachs of the four young Orangs- 

 cetan, which I dissected, had quite the human 

 form and structure. But in the adult de- 

 scribed by Sandifort, the pyloric portion is 

 separated from the cardiac by a very narrow 

 constriction, and the tunics of the pyloric 

 portion are very thick. In the caecum the 

 resemblance to man is still more striking, by 

 the existence of a vermiform appendix, which 

 is separated from the intestine bv a constric- 

 tion in the Chimpanzee, is continuous with 

 the intestine in the Orang-cetan, and is very 

 small, and almost rudimental, in the Gibbons. 

 Consequently there is also a descending gra- 

 dation in this organ, in the same manner as in 

 all the other points of organisation ; for the 

 appendix is wanting in all the other monkeys, 

 in which the coecum is moderately large and 

 terminates in an obtuse cone. The stomach 

 of the other species has not the same oblong 

 form in the transverse direction, as the sto- 

 mach of the SimicB and of man, but acquires a 

 more globular form, especially in the Cyno- 

 cephali. In this way it forms a transition to 

 the form of the stomach in the Carnivora. A 

 very interesting deviation is afforded by the 

 Semnopitheci, in which Wurmb, Otto*, and 

 Owenf found (as I also saw confirmed in the 

 S. maurus) a complicated form and construc- 

 tion of the stomach, viz., its division into three 

 portions : 1. cardiac pouch, with smooth pari- 



* A. W. Otto, ueber eine neue Affenart, den Cerco- 

 pithecus leucoprymnus, in Nov. Act. Acad. Cses. Leo- 

 pold. Carol. Nat. Curios, vol. xii. p. 2. 



t R. Owen, on the sacculated form of Stomach as 

 it exists in the Genus Semnopithecus. Trans. Zool. 

 Soc. torn. i. p. 65. The paper of Wurmb is to be 

 found in the Memoirs of the Batavian Society. 



VOL. IV. 



etes, slightly bifid at the extremity ; 2. a 

 middle, very wide, and sacculated portion ; 3. 

 a narrow, elongated canal, sacculated at its* 

 commencement, and of simple structure to- 

 wards its termination. This complication of 

 the stomach seems to be connected with the 

 vegetable food of the Semnopitheci, which 

 consists only of fruits, and it is also a repe- 

 tition of the divisions we find in the stomach 

 of the Pteropi, the Hyrax capensis, the Bra- 

 dypoda, the Cetacea, and in the utmost per- 

 fection in the Ruminantia. A curious fact 

 connected with this sacculated division of the 

 stomach is the existence of bezoars in the 

 Semnopitheci. They are said to be smaller 

 and rounder than those produced by the 

 goats, gazelles, and antelopes. 



A similar disposition of the stomach exists 

 in the Colobi. RUPPELL observed it in the 

 Colobus guereza, and OWEN * said, that in the 

 Colobus polycomos, the sacculation of the sto- 

 mach is produced by the same modification of 

 the muscular fibres as in the Semnopitheci, 

 combined with a great extent of the digestive 

 tunics. A narrow band of longitudinal fibres 

 traverses the lesser curvature of the stomach, 

 and a second band, commencing at the left or 

 blind end of the cavity, puckers it up in a 

 succession of sub-globular sacs along the 

 greater end. The form and the size of the 

 coecum, and the length and disposition of the 

 intestinal canal in the Colobus, equally corre- 

 spond with those parts in the Semnopitheci. 

 About the urinary and genital organs there 

 are but few peculiarities to observe in the 

 monkeys of the Old World. The urinary 

 organs have the same general disposition 

 proper to the human subject ; the male genital 

 parts differ only by the existence of an ossi- 

 culum penis, by the lobulated form of the 

 glans in some species, and by the complicated 

 structure and large development of the vesi- 

 culcB seminales, especially in the Mandrill. 



In the female organs, the form and 

 structure of the uterus are interesting: it 

 resembles that of man, and differs from the 

 divided and bicorn uterus of most of the other 

 Mammalia. It is only by a more longitudinal, 

 and we may say a more foetal form, that the 

 uterus of the monkeys differs from the same 

 organ of the human subject in the adult state; 

 whereas in gestation, parturition, lactation, 

 and in menstruation, the monkeys of the Old 

 World offer a great deal of analogy with man- 

 kind, as may be seen in the elegant descrip- 

 tions which F. Cuvier gives of many species 

 in his Hist. Nat. des Mammiferes. In the 

 clitoris there is no bone ; at least LEUCKART 

 found none in Inuus rhesus, but he observed 

 a bifid clitoris in Cercopithecus sabasus. Ac- 

 cording to the observations of G. BRESCHET 

 J. VAN DER HOEVEN and SCHROEDER VAN DER 

 KOLK f , the placenta of the monkeys of the 



* R. Owen, Proceedings of the Zoological Society, 

 p. ix. 1841, p. 84. 



t Tydscheift von Natuurlyke geschiede nis en- 

 physiologie intgegeven door J. van der Hoeven en 

 W. H. de Vrese, Leyden 18371838, &c. &c. p. 357. 

 G. BRESCHET, Rech. Anat. sur la Gestation des 



