264 



REPTILIA. 



ration ; thus affording the pathologist and the 

 practitioner an opportunity of ascertaining 

 the nature and tracing the progress of disease 

 which is not presented in the case of any 

 other internal organ. 



BIBLIOGRAPHY. NORMAL ANATOMY AND PHY- 

 SIOLOGY. Bellini, Excercit. Anat. de Structura 

 Renum, Florence, 1662, Leyden, 1711. Albinus, 

 Dissertatio de Poris, 1635. Malpighi, Opera Omnia, 

 Lugd. Bat. 1637. Ruysch, Opera Omnia, Amster- 

 dam, 1700. Ruysch, Opera Omnia, Amsterdam, 

 1733. Boerhaave, Institut. Med., Lugd. Bat. 1721. 

 Bertin, Me'moires de 1'Acad. des Sciences de Paris, 

 1744 Ferrein, Memoires de 1'Acad. des Sciences de 

 Paris, 1749. Holler, Elementa Physiologiae Corporis 

 Hurnani, Lausannae, 1757. Schumlansky, De Struc- 

 tura Renum, Argentor, 1788. Eysenhardt, Diss. de 

 Structura Renum Observ. Mic., Berlin, 1818. Meckel, 

 Menschliche Anatomic, Halle and Berlin, 1820. Ja- 

 cobson, Isis, 1822, and Edinb. Med. and Surg. Jour- 

 nal, 1823. Huschke, Isis, 1828. Mutter, De Glandu- 

 larum Secern entium Structura, Leipzig, 1832. Lau- 

 rent, De la Texture et du DeVeloppement de 1' Appareil 

 Urinaire. These de Concours, Paris, 1836. Berres. 

 Anatomic der Mikroscopischen Gebilde, Vienne, 

 1837. Krause, a Mutter's Archiv., 1837 ; b Hand- 

 buch der Anatomic, Hanover, 1848. Henle, Mutter's 

 Archiv., 1838. Cayla, Observ. d' Anatomic Micros- 

 cop, sur le Rein des Mammif eres. These, Paris, 1839. 

 Gluge, Anatomisch-Mikroscopische Untersuchungen, 

 cah. i. Minden, 1839. Wagner Physiologic, Leip. 

 1839 : Eng., by Dr. Willis, 1844. Gerber, Handbuch 

 der Allgemeinen Anatomic, Bern. 1840. Vogel, 

 Gebrauch des Mikroskops, Leipzig, 1841. Henle, 

 Allgemeine Anatomie, Leipzig, 1841. Mutter, Ver- 

 gleichende Anatomie der Myxinoiden. Berlin. 1841. 

 Bowman, Philosophical Transactions, part i. 1842. 

 Goodsir, Monthly Journal of Medical Science, 1842. 

 Reichert, Mutter's Archiv., 1843. Gruby, Annales 

 des Sciences Natur., vol. xvii. Mutter, Handbuch 

 der Physiologic, 4th ed. Coblence. Owen, Lectures 

 on Comparative Anatomy, vol. i. 1843. Gerlach, 

 Muller's Archiv., 1845. Bidder, Muller's Archiv., 



1845. Kolliker, Muller's Archiv., 1845. Toynbee, 

 Medico-Chir. Trans, vol. xxix. 1846. Mandl, 

 Anatomie Microscopique, 1847. 



On the subject of the Development of the Kidney 

 reference may be made to the article OVUM. 



PATHOLOGY. In addition to works on the prac- 

 tice of Medicine and on general Pathological Ana- 

 tomy, the following books and papers may be con- 

 sulted. Blackall, Observations on the Nature and 

 Cure of Dropsies, and particularly on the presence 

 of the coagulable part of the Blood in Dropsical 

 Urine, London, 1813; 3d edition, 1818. Bright, 

 Reports of Medical Cases, 3 vols. 4to, 18271831, 

 and papers in the Guy's Hospital Reports. Rayer, 

 Traite' des Maladies des Reins. Prout, On Stomach 

 and Renal Diseases. Christison, On Granular De- 

 generation of the Kidneys, 1839, and in the Library 

 of Practical Medicine. F. Simon, Handbuch der 

 Medizinischen Chemie, translated by the Sydenham 

 Society. Hecht, De Renibus in Morbo Brightii de- 

 generatis, Berlin, 1839. Gluge, Anatomisch-Mikro- 

 scop-Untersuchungen, Jena, 1841. Vogel, Icones 

 Histologicse Pathologies. Henle, Henle und Pfeuf- 

 fer's Zeitschrift, 1842. Heller, Archiv. fur Physiol. 

 und Pathol. Chemie und Mikrosk. band ii. Scherer, 

 Chemische und Mikroskop. Untersuch., Heidelberg, 

 1843. Valentin, Repertorium, 18371838. Can- 

 statt, De Morbo Brightii, Erlangen, 1844. Eichholtz, 

 Muller's Archiv., 1845. R. B. Todd, Clinical Lec- 

 tures on Dropsy with Albuminous Urine, Medical 

 Gazette, 1845 ; and on Gouty Kidney, in Medical 

 Gazette, 1847. Busk, Medic. Chir. Trans, vol. xxix. 

 J. Simon, Med. Chir. Trans, vol. xxx. Malmsten, 

 Ueber die Bright'sche nierenkrankheit, Bremen, 



1846. Peacock, Monthly Journal of Medical Science, 

 1846. G. Johnson, Med. Chir. Trans, vols. xxix. 



and xxx. Reports of the Pathological Society of 

 London, 18471848. (George Johnson.) 



REPTILIA. A very extensive and im- 

 portant class of vertebrate animals, inter- 

 mediate in their organization and general eco- 

 nomy between fishes and the warm-blooded, 

 air-breathing birds and quadrupeds, from both 

 of which reptiles are distinguished by the 

 following characters* : 



Reptiles have the heart disposed in such a 

 manner, that, on each contraction, it sends 

 to the lungs only a portion of the blood 

 which it has received from the various parts 

 of the body, and the rest of that fluid returns 

 to the several parts without having under- 

 gone the action of respiration. 



From this it results, that the oxygen acts 

 on a less portion of the blood than in the 

 mammifera. If the quantity of respiration 

 in the latter animals, in which the whole of 

 the blood passes through the lungs before 

 returning to the parts, be expressed by 

 unity, the quantity of respiration in the 

 reptiles must be expressed by a fraction of 

 unity. 



In consequence of this low degree of re- 

 spiration, reptiles have cold blood, and their 

 muscular power is less than that of quad- 

 rupeds, and, a fortiori, than that of birds. 

 Accordingly, they do not often perform any 

 movements, but those of creeping and of 

 swimming ; and though many of them leap, 

 and run fast enough on some occasions, their 

 general habits are lazy, their digestion slow, 

 their sensations not acute, and in cold and 

 temperate climates they pass almost the 

 entire winter in a state of lethargy. Their 

 muscles preserve their irritability much longer 

 than in the higher classes. Their heart will 

 beat for several hours after it has been plucked 

 out, and its loss does not hinder the body 

 from moving for a long time. In many of 

 them, it has been observed that the cere- 

 bellum is remarkably small, which perfectly 

 accords with their little propensity to motion. 

 Reptiles are provided with a trachea and 

 larynx, though the faculty of an audible voice 

 is not accorded to all of them. Not pos- 

 sessing warm blood, they have no occasion 

 for integuments capable of retaining the heat, 

 and they are covered with scales, or simply 

 with a naked skin. 



The females have a double ovary, and two 

 oviducts. The males of many genera have a 

 forked or double organ of intromission. 



Reptiles do not sit upon their eggs ; hence 

 the latter have generally only a membranous 

 envelope. In many of the reptiles which lay 

 eggs, especially in the colubri, the young one 

 is already formed, and considerably advanced 

 in the egg at the moment when the mother 

 lays it ; and it is the same with those species 

 which may, at pleasure, be rendered vivipa- 

 rous by retarding their laying. 



The quantity of respiration in reptiles is 

 not fixed, like that of mammifera and birds, 



* Cuvier, Regne Animal, t. ii. 



