274 



REPTILIA. 



carapax ; this gives off a fasciculus to the 

 atlas, which is the splenius colli. 



So far, even as regards the small mus- 

 cles of the neck, the analogies are suffi- 



ciently satisfactory ; but it is not so with the 

 long muscles coming from the dorsal or 

 lumbar portion of the spine, which are re- 

 placed by others having a totally contrary 



Fig. 191. 



Myology of the European Tortoise. 



1, temporal muscle ; 3, digastricus ; 13, mylohyoides ; 16, hyomaxillaris ; 21, transverse muscle, 

 embracing the neck ; 40, obliquus abdominis ; 41, transversus abdominis ; 43, attrahens, and 44, retrahens, 

 pelvis ; 53, sphincter cloacae ; 54, dilator cloacae ; 56, pectoralis major ; 57, serratus magnus ; 60 a and 60 b, del- 

 toides ; 62, superscapularis, representing the supraspinatus and infraspinatus of other animals ; 65 a and 

 65 c, triceps brachii ; 66 a, 66 b, biceps brachii ; 68, palmaris ; 69, flexor sublimis ; 70, flexoris profundi 

 tendines ultimi ; 71, pronator teres ; 73, ulnaris internus ; 76, radialis externus longus ; 78, supinator 

 longus; 82, extensor proprius digiti minimi; 83, extensores quinque breves digitorum manus; 84, 

 abductor pollicis ; 87, lumbricales manus externi ; 88, flexores digitorum breves ; 91, iliacus internus ; 

 94, glutaei pars; 97, triceps femoris abductor; 101, vastus internus; 103, bicipitis cruris pars; 105 b, 

 semimembranosis ; 106, sartorius ; 107, gracilis ; 108, extensoris communis digitorum tendo ; 109, tibialis 

 anticus; 111, extensor brevis digitorum; 112, extensor proprius hallucis; 1146, gastrocnemius ; 117, 

 extremi tendines flexores, plantarem inter et soleum atque flexorem longum digitorum ; 118, flexores 

 breves digitorum pedis ; 122, interossii digitorum pedis dorsales. (After Bojanus.} 



position. Of these, in the land tortoises, and 

 in the fresh-water tortoises, the principal is 

 a thin lamina attached within the carapax to 

 the ribs of the fifth and sixth dorsal vertebrae, 

 and running together with its fellow of the 

 opposite side obliquely forwards, and in the 

 interval between the two lungs, on to the 

 sides of the anterior or horizontal portion of 

 the neck, where it is inserted by fasciculi to 

 the transverse apophyses of the third, fourth, 

 and fifth cervical vertebra : it terminates by 



a long fasciculus, which is inserted beneath 

 the head to the basilar bone. This muscle 

 draws the neck and head backwards, and to 

 one side ; this is the retrahens capitis of 

 Bojanus. 



A little more forward, and beneath the 

 articulation of the fourth and fifth dorsal 

 vertebrae, there is a similar muscle, which 

 might indeed be regarded as a portion of the 

 preceding, and which goes to be inserted into 

 the side of the sixth cervical vertebra : this 



