SALIVARY GLANDS. 



431 



and in which there is every thing to show 

 that the parotid was entirely extirpated, the 

 disease returned at the end of a year, and 

 terminated fatally. In Mr. Solly's case*, in 

 which the ascending ramus of the jaw was 

 removed, in order to extirpate the gland as 

 completely as possible, the disease, instead of 

 being confined to the parotid gland, was found, 

 a few months afterwards, by the death of the 

 patient, to have proceeded from the brain. 

 Other cases, again, have been described as 

 carcinomatous affections of the parotid, but in 

 which their details by no means indicate that 

 such was their nature. The case related by 

 Larrey, for example, and which he considered 

 to be one of carcinoma, will appear, we think, 

 on a careful perusal, to have been nothing more 

 than a strumous affection of the lymphatic in 

 the substance of the gland, or possibly of the 

 gland itself, " which had degenerated into a 

 dense yellow lardaceous substance." f 



A remarkable case of hypertrophy of the 

 parotid is related by Tenon. J It had the 

 form of a tumour, of the size of the fist, ex- 

 tending from the ear to the angle of the lips ; 

 it was soft, white, indolent and movable, 

 some large vessels here and there ramifying 

 on the surface. The arteries, on the death 

 of the child, were found considerably en- 

 larged, which circumstance, in all probability, 

 accounted for the condition of the gland. 



Berard also met with a similar case in a 

 child three years old. The tumour was of 

 almost the same volume, but simulated an 

 erectile tumour. The veins were found very 

 much enlarged and the arteries normal, the 

 cellular tissue reddish and granular, and the 

 true tissue of the gland remarkably hyper- 

 trophied. 



Salivary fistula occur in the course of the 

 excretory duct of the parotid, in it or its 

 smaller ramifications, and arise from accidental 

 injury, the result of inflammation, or from 

 ulceration of a salivary tumour, which has 

 gradually enlarged in consequence either of 

 inflammatory obstruction at some part of the 

 duct, or the presence of calculi. 



Marti relates the case of a congenital de- 

 formity of the parotid duct (simulating fistula) 

 in an otherwise healthy female infant. The 

 orifice opened on the exterior of the right 

 cheek, down which the saliva flowed. 



The exact nature of ranula has not been 

 clearly determined. It consists of a sublingual 

 tumour, varying considerably in size and 

 density. Some consider it as a mere dilatation 

 of the duct from obstruction at its orifice ; 

 others as a submucous tumour, external to' 

 the duct, causing its compression ; and others, 

 again, as an encysted tumour developed in its 

 interior. Although the analysis of the con- 

 tained fluid (see SALIVA) would appear to 



* London Medical Gazette, Dec. 19, 1845, and 

 July 14, 1848. 



f Memoire de 1'Extirpation des Glandes Sali- 

 vaires. 



J Histoire de 1'Academie des Sciences pour 1'annee 

 1760, quoted by Murat. 



Marti, De Loco prseternaturali Orificii Ductus 

 Salivalis Stenoniaui sanato. 1746. 



indicate that the last opinion were correct, 

 it is by no means certain whether mere ob- 

 struction at the orifice of the duct may not 

 give rise to a similar change in the quality 

 of the saliva. 



The morbid condition of the labial glands 

 has been made the subject of distinct inquiry 

 by Sebastian*, who arranges their affections 

 under the heads of 1. Obstruction of the 

 excretory duct. 2. Atrophy. 3. Tumefac- 

 tion with hyperasmia. 4. Ulceration. 



The first affection occurs under two forms : 

 The one as a transparent painless tumour of a 

 bluish tint, resembling a vesicle or hydatid 

 in the substance of the lip, of the size of a 

 pea, and containing a transparent viscid fluid. 

 He has only met with it in the lower lip, on 

 the right side, near the angle of the mouth, 

 and always solitary, and of quick formation. 

 The other form is comparatively frequent, 

 and appears as small round elastic, more or 

 less transparent indolent tumours, frequently 

 as many as fifteen in the lower lip. They 

 exude on puncture a thick, viscid, greasy 

 matter. The second affection is distinctly re- 

 marked in the incipient stage of cancer of the 

 lip, which, according to his opinion, com- 

 mences in the cellular tissue. The third 

 occurs in follicular duodenitis ; and typhoid 

 fever, as observed by him in children. He 

 has frequently met with the fourth affection in 

 phthisical individuals, &c. 



COMPARATIVE ANATOMY. The first ap- 

 pearance of a salivary apparatus has been ob- 

 served by Owen, in a genus of Entozoa found in 

 the stomach of the tiger, and named by him 

 Gnathostoma. It consists of four elongated 

 straight blind tubes, each about two lines in 

 length, placed at equal distances around the 

 commencement of the alimentary canal, having 

 their small extremities directed forward, and 

 opening into the mouth.f 



Among the Echinodermata the salivary 

 organs in Holothuria regalis are represented 

 by elongated caecal processes, surrounding the 

 oesophagus, and continued into the branched 

 tentacles around the mouth. They exude a 

 viscid secretion, which assists in entangling 

 the objects which constitute the food of the 

 animal, lubricating them, and adapting them 

 for deglutition. 



In Myriapoda the salivary glands consist of 

 small transparent vesicles, constituting in 

 Julus terrestris, for example, a clavate mass, 

 the small extremity of which terminates in a 

 twisted excretory canal opening into the 

 pharynx. They are large and very vascular 

 in the Scolopendridae. 



In the Insecta the salivary glands evacuate 

 themselves either into the mouth, or the com- 

 mencement of the intestine in front of the 

 stomach. 



They are arranged by Burmeister as fol- 

 lows | : 



* Loc. cit. 



f Proceedings of the Zoological Society, 1836. 

 p. 125. 



J Burmeister's Manual of Entomology, trans- 

 lated from the German by W. E. Schuckard, p. 144. 



