SCAPULAR REGION. 



433 



its edible nests. In the woodpecker the glan- 

 dular mass is of extraordinary size, extending 

 from the angle to the symphysis of the jaw on 

 each side, and opening by the confluence of 

 the two ducts into a single orifice at the apex 

 of the mouth. 



In Mammalia the salivary glands present 

 considerable variation. In the Monotremata 

 they are partially deficient : in the Echidna 

 there appears to be no parotid ; the submax- 

 illary, on the other hand, is highly developed, 

 extending from the meatus auditorius along 

 the neck, and upon the anterior part of the 

 thorax. Its ducts terminate by numerous 

 orifices on the membranous floor of the 

 mouth, and pour out a secretion for the 

 lubrification of its long and slender tongue. 

 In the Cetacea the salivary glands are absent. 

 In the Dugong, however, one of the herbivo- 

 rous Cetacea, the parotids are highly deve- 

 loped. In the Ruminantia the three pairs are 

 highly developed, particularly the parotid ; 

 and in addition to these there is a group, 

 apparently continuous with the molar, which 

 mounts up along the superior maxillary bone, 

 beneath the zygoma, to the globe of the eye, 

 as observed in the ox, the sheep, and the 

 horse. The excretory ducts pierce the mu- 

 cous membrane near the posterior margin of 

 the superior alveolar ridge. 



In the armadillo, among the Edentata, the 

 submaxillary gland has appended a reservoir or 

 bladder, receiving the saliva by small ducts, 

 which open into it posteriorly in a valvular 

 manner. A single duct comes off from its 

 anterior part, and terminates just behind the 

 symphysis of the lower jaw. The saliva is 

 very tenacious, the serous part being pro- 

 bably absorbed during its detention in the 

 reservoir, and is expelled at the extremity of 

 the mouth, in order to lubricate the tongue, 

 which is by this means rendered subservient, 

 as in the ant-eater, to the catching of insects. 

 In the latter animal the salivary secretion 

 takes place from two glands, situated, accord- 

 ing to Cuvier, the one in contact below with 

 the upper edge of the masseter, and filling up 

 a great part of the temporal, zygomatic, and 

 orbital fossae ; the excretory duct opening 

 into the mouth behind the superior maxilla : 

 the other, probably furnishing the viscid secre- 

 tion that coats the tongue in front of the 

 tendon of the masseter, behind the angle of 

 the lips, and then running along the edge of 

 the lower lip as far as the middle. Its canal 

 opens externally at the commissure of the lips. 



In the Carnivora the variations of the sali- 

 vary glands are but slight. The submaxillary in 

 them, as in the Rodentia and Ruminantia, are 

 large. Thesublingual gland is absent in the cat. 



The writer of this article has to acknowledge 

 his obligations to the undermentioned sources, 

 for the preceding account of the comparative 

 anatomy of the salivary glands : Cuvier, Le- 

 9ons d' Anatomic comparee ; Owen's Lectures 

 on the Invertebrata ; Ryrner Jones, General 

 Structure of the Animal Kingdom ; Wagner, 

 Elements of Comparative Anatomy, trans- 

 lated by Tulk ; Kelp, De Systemate Salivali, 



VOL. IV. 



and the various articles on Comparative Ana- 

 tomy in this Cyclopaedia. 



BIBLIOGRAPHY. Nuck, Disquisitio Anatomica 

 de Ductibus Salivalibus, 1656. Wharton, Adeno- 

 graphia sive Glandularum totius corporis Descriptio, 

 1659. Holier, Disputationes Anatomicse, vol. i. p. 

 1, ad 92. Steno (N.~), De Musculis et Glandulis Ob- 

 servationum Specimen, &c., 1664 ; Observations 

 Anatomica? quibus varia Oris Oculorum et Narium 

 Vasa describuntur, novique Salivae et Muci Fontes 

 deteguntur, &c., 1662. Vater, Novi Ductus Sali- 

 valis in Lingua Excretorii Demonstratio, 1723. 

 Siebold (J. Bartli), Diss. Inaug. Med. sistens His- 

 toriam Systematis Salivalis Physiologice et Pa- 

 thologice consid., &c. Jenas, 1787. Murat, Sur la 

 Glande Parotide considered sous ses Rapports Ana- 

 tomiques, Physiologiques, et Pathologiques, 1803. 

 Mutter, De Glandulamm Secernentium Struct. Pe- 

 nitior, 1830. Bordeu, Recherches Anatomiques sur 

 la Position des Glandes, et sur leur Action. Panizza 

 (2?.), Remarques Chirurgicales sur la Glande Paro- 

 tide. Annales de la Chirurgie, Paris, 1844, t. x. p. 

 54. Vide also the Bibliography of GLAND. 



(Nathaniel Ward.} 



SCAPULAR REGION (DESCRIPTIVE 

 AND SURGICAL ANATOMY OF). The term sca- 

 pular region is intended by some anatomists to 

 comprise all the structures which He on the 

 scapula, on its anterior as well as on its pos- 

 terior surface; but, in accordance with the 

 arrangement of Velpeau and others, we limit 

 the term scapular region to the posterior as- 

 pect of the scapula, regarding its anterior, or 

 subscapular, surface as appertaining to, and 

 forming one of the boundaries of, the axillary 

 region. Under the denomination then of 

 scapular region, we include a portion of the 

 posterior aspect of the shoulder, presenting a 

 triangular outline, to which the following 

 boundaries may be assigned. Its base, which 

 is placed internally, is constituted by the ver- 

 tebral margin of the scapula ; its apex, placed 

 externally, becomes continuous with the re- 

 gion of the shoulder joint ; inferiorly, it is 

 limited by the lower oblique edge of the la- 

 tissimus dorsi muscle, which likewise separates 

 it from the region of the axilla ; and above, the 

 superior costa of the scapula constitutes its 

 extreme boundary, and separates it from the 

 great posterior triangle of the neck. 



Between the integuments and the dorsum 

 of the scapula, which forms the floor of the 

 region under consideration, lie numerous 

 muscles, layers of fasciae, vascular inoscula- 

 tions, branches of nerves, &c., which we shall 

 describe in the order in which they present 

 themselves in dissection. 



The muscles, which are numerous, may be 

 divided into the extrinsic and the intrinsic ; 

 the latter are, the fleshy portions only of the 

 supra- and infra-spinati, and of the teres major 

 and the teres minor muscles. Under the former 

 class, we shall have to speak of portions of 

 the trapezius, latissimus dorsi, and deltoid 

 muscles. Numerous other muscles are at- 

 tached to the different borders of the scapular 

 region ; but these have been already described 

 in the several articles treating of the regions 

 to which they more properly belong (vide 

 NECK, BACK, ARM). The projection back- 

 wards of the spine of the scapula naturally 



F F 



