ENTOMOLOGY 



species (B) the mandible is usually long, slender and sharply 

 toothed, without a molar surface. Often, as in soldier ants, 



FIG. 45- 



Kir,. 46. 



Various forms of mandibles. A, Melanoplus; B, Cicindela; C, Apis; D, Onthophagus; 

 E, Chrysopa; F-I, soldier termites (after HAGEN). 



the mandibles are used as piercing weapons; in bees (C) they 

 are used for various industrial purposes; in some beetles they 

 are large, grotesque in form and appa- 

 rently purposeless. The mandibles of 

 Onthophagus (D) and many other dung 

 beetles consist chiefly of a flexible lam- 

 ella, admirably adapted for its special 

 purpose. In Euphoria (Fig. 261 ) , which 

 feeds on pollen and the juices of fruits, 

 the mandibles, and the other mouth 

 parts as well, are densely clothed with 

 hairs. In the larva of Chrysopa, the 

 inner face of the mandible (Fig. 45, E) 

 has a longitudinal groove against which 

 the maxilla fits to form a canal, through 

 which the blood of plant lice is sucked 

 into the oesophagus. In termites (F-I) 

 the mandibles assume curious and often 

 inexplicable forms. 



Next in order are the maxilla, or 

 under jaws, which are less powerful 

 than the mandibles and more complex, consisting as they 

 do of several sclerites (Figs. 44, 46). Essentially, the 



Maxilla of Harpalus 

 caliginosus, ventral as- 

 pect, c, cardo; g, galea; 

 /, lacinia; p, palpus; pf, 

 palpifer; s, stipes; sg, 

 subgalea. 



