DISTRIBUTION 373 



Families. Species. Genera. Endemic Genera. 



Carabidse, 51 7 7 



Staphylinidae, 19 3 i 



Nitidulidae, 38 2 i 



Elateridae, 711 



Ptinidse (Anobiini), 19 3 3 



Cioidse, 19 i o 



Aglycyderidse, 30 i i 



Curculionidse (Cossonini), 21 3 3 



Cerambycidse, 10 i i 



Sharp writes : " I think it may be looked on as certain that 

 these islands are the home of a large number of peculiar spe- 

 cies not at present existing elsewhere, and if so it follows that 

 either they mnst have existed formerly elsewhere and migrated 

 to the islands, and since have become extinct in their original 

 homes, or that they must have been produced within the 

 islands. This last seems the simpler and more probable sup- 

 position, and it appears highly probable that there has been a 

 large amount of endemic evolution within the limits of these 

 isolated islands." 



The parasitic Hymenoptera of Hawaii, according to Ash- 

 mead, number 14 families, 69 genera and 128 species; only 

 eleven genera are endemic and most of the other genera are 

 represented in nearly all the known faunae of the earth. Ash- 

 mead concurs in the view that the Hawaiian fauna was origi- 

 nally derived from the Australasian fauna the view held by 

 all the specialists who have studied Hawaiian insects. 



Geographical Varieties. Darwin found that wide-ranging 

 species are as a rule highly variable. The cosmopolitan but- 

 terfly Vanessa cardui presents striking variations in different 

 parts of the earth, largely on account of climatal differences, 

 as is indicated by the temperature experiments of several inves- 

 tigators. Standfuss exposed German pupae of this insect to 

 cold, and obtained thereby a dark variety such as occurs in Lap- 

 land ; and by the influence of warmth, obtained a very pale form 

 such as occurs normally in the tropics only. Our Cyaniris 

 pseudargiolus, which ranges from Alaska into Mexico and 



