ANATOMY \\L I'll", 



interpretation he wa> followed by other., in< ludin-/ tin- writer, who 



oiii, 'oo) termed them "supertingUC." Tin- writer at present 



9 with Crani|)lon. however, that the-e appenda<M- are homologous 



with the para.^naths of Crustacea. If they are not equivalent to the 



lir>t maxilla- of CrUStacea, the term " maxilluhe " ^liould not he applied 



to them; they may \>c termed " superlin^ua- " or "pa; is one 



preli 



Following the superlffigtUG are the maxilla, or under jaws, which are 

 less powerful than the mandibles and more complex, consisting as they 

 do of several sclerites (Figs. 45, 48). Essen- 

 tially, the maxilla consists of three lobes, 

 namely, palpus, galea and lacinia, which are 

 borne by a stipes, and hinged to the skull by 

 means of a cardo. The palpus, always lateral 

 in position, is usually four- or five-segmented 

 and is tactile, olfactory or gustatory in function. 

 The lacinia is commonly provided with teeth or 

 spines. The maxillae supplement the mandi- 

 bles by holding the food when the latter open, 

 and help to comminute the food. Additional 

 maxillary sclerites, of minor importance, often 

 occur. 



The labium, or under lip, may properly be 

 likened to a united pair of maxillae, for both 

 are formed on the same three-lobed plan. 

 This correspondence is evident in the cock- 

 roach, among other generalized insects. Thus, in this insect (Fig. 45) : 



LABIUM = MAXILLA 

 palpus = palpus 

 paraglossa = galea 



glossa = lacinia 

 palpiger = palpifer 

 mentum = stipites 

 submenlum with gula = cardines 



In most mandibulate orders the glossae unite to form a single me- 

 dian organ, as in Harpalus (Fig. 49, g). The labium forms the floor of 

 the pharynx and assists in carrying food to the mandibles and maxilhe. 



The tongue, or hypopharyn.\\ is a median fleshy organ (Fig. 45) 

 which is usually united more or less with the base of the labium. In 



FIG. 47. Left superiingua 



