286 ENTOMOLOGY 



duced to 10 or 12 per cent., and that the disagreeable odors and flavors, 

 probably due to volatile oils, have also been driven off in a great measure, 

 if not wholly, by the heat of the hive, largely generated by the bees. 

 During the manipulation an antiseptic (formic acid), secreted by glands 

 in the head of the bee, and possibly other glandular secretions as well 

 have been added. The finished product is stored in waxen cells above 

 and around the brood nest and the main cluster of bees, as far from the 

 entrance as it can be and still be near to the brood and bees. The work 

 of sealing with waxen caps then goes forward rapidly, the covering being 

 more or less porous. Each kind of honey has its distinctive flavor and 

 aroma, derived, as already indicated, mainly from the particular blos- 

 soms by which it was secreted, but modified and softened by the 

 manipulation given it in the hives. The last three paragraphs are taken 

 from Benton's useful manual. 



The phenomenon of " swarming " results from the tremendous re- 

 productive capacity of the queen, though it is immediately an instance 

 of positive phototropism, as Kellogg has shown. Accompanied by most of 

 the workers, the old queen abandons the hive to establish a new colony. 

 The workers that remain behind have provided against this contingency, 

 however, and the departed queen is soon replaced by a new one. 



Determination of Caste. The difference between queen and worker 

 depends solely upon nutrition, both forms being derived from precisely 

 the same kind of egg. To produce a queen, a large cell of special form 

 is constructed, and its occupant, instead of being weaned, is fed almost 

 entirely upon the highly nutritious secretion which worker grubs receive 

 only at first and in limited quantity. This nitrogenous food, the prod- 

 uct of cephalic glands, develops the reproductive system in proportion 

 to the amount received. Drone larvae get much of it, though not so 

 much as queens, while an occasional excess of this " royal jelly" is 

 believed to account for the abnormal appearance of fertile workers. 



Parthenogenesis, or reproduction without fertilization, is known to 

 occur in the bee, as well as in various other insects. The always un- 

 fertilized eggs of workers produce invariably drones, as do also unfertil- 

 ized eggs of the queen. 



Dzierzon's Theory. The much discussed theory of Dzierzon, pro- 

 posed more than seventy-five years ago, is essentially as follows: (i) 

 the queen is able "at will" to lay either male or female eggs; (2) all 

 the eggs in the ovaries would develop into males if unfertilized, but 

 fertilized eggs produce females. 



It is a matter of common observation that the queen is able to lay 



