IN ' I I I'l'l I \ I I"' 2Q3 



bul also to the ultra \ iolel ray-, which produce no appre< iable . 

 on the huin;in retina < though they induce < hemi< al chants). If obliged 

 to choose between the two. ants prefer violet to ultra violet rays, as 

 Lubbock found. If, however, the ultra-violet rsyfl are intercepted, by 

 nie;ins of ;i screen of sulphate of quinine or bisulphide of carbon, 1 he ant s 

 then collect under the screen in preference to under the violet niys. 



I-'rom lack of experience we can form no adequate idea as to the range 

 of sensation in ants or other insects. Ants can taste substances that we 

 cannot, and vice versa. They show no response to sounds of human 

 contrivance, yet many of them possess stridulating organs and organs 

 that are doubtless auditory; whence it may be inferred that ants can 

 communicate with one another by means of sounds. In rare instances 

 the stridulation of an ant can impress the human ear, as in a species of 

 A Ita mentioned by Sharp. 



Experiments show that ants, as well as bees and wasps, find their 

 way back to the nest, not by a mysterious " sense of direction," but by 

 remembering the details of the surroundings, and in the case of ants, by 

 means of an odor left along the trail. 



In studying the habits of ants, the greatest care must be exercised in 

 order to discriminate between actions that may be regarded as purely 

 instinctive and those that may indicate some degree of intelligence. If 

 any insects show signs of intelligence, the social Hymenoptera do; but 

 in the study of this recondite subject, false conclusions can be avoided 

 only by observation and experimentation of the most critical kind. 



Hunting Ants. Some ants, as Formica fusca, live by the chase, 

 hunting their prey singly. The African "driver ants " (Anomma arcens), 

 although blind, hunt in immense droves, consuming all the animal refuse 

 in their way, devouring all the insects they meet, and not hesitating to 

 attack all kinds of vertebrates; these ants ransack houses from time to 

 time and clear them of all vermin, though they themselves are a great 

 nuisance to the householder. The Brazilian species of Eciton (Fig. 290, 

 B, C) have similar habits and are likewise blind, or else have but a single 

 lens on each side of the head. These insects hunt in armies of hundreds 

 of thousands, to the terror of every animate thing they come across. 

 They have no permanent abode, but now and then appropriate some 

 convenient hole for the purpose of raising a new brood of marauders. 



Slave-making Ants. It is a fact that some ants make slaves of 

 other species. Formica sanguinea, for example, will attack a colony of 

 Formica fusca, kill its active members in spite of their determined re- 

 sistance, kidnap the larvae and pupa? and carry them home, where the 



