CNTERBELATIONS Ol [] 297 



The sanic observer li;i - i-i\en alSO ii briel a . mini ant 



that lives in New Jersey. 'I'hi / nitl/ytu yrmcx sc/tlrnlrinn.: 



cuts the needle like le;i p2nl into little p' hich are 



carried to the nest. Two columns of WOT] y be seen, one << 



posed of individuals returning to the ; . h with a pie( e of ; 



needle, the other of outgoing workers. The ne-t is a >iniple s1ru< 1 

 extending some seven inches underground and ending in a < hamber in 

 which are several small pulpy balls, consisting probably of masti< . 

 leaves. Further studies upon our own leaf-cutting ant-, modeled after 

 the admirable studies of Moller, are much to be desired. 



Harvesting Ants. Lubbock observes that some ants collect the 



seeds of violets and grasses and preserve them carefully for some purpose 



yet unknown. From such a beginning as this may have arisen the 



extraordinary habits of the agricultural, or harvesting, ants, of which 



some twenty species are known from various parts of the world. 



The Texas species Pogonomyrmex barbatus, studied by Lincecum 

 and by McCook, clears away the herbage around its nest (even plants 

 several feet high and as thick as a man's thumb) and levels the ground, 

 forming a disk often 10 or 12 and sometimes 15 to 20 feet in diameter, 

 from which radiating paths are made, from 60 to 300 feet in length. 

 The ants go back and forth along these roads, carrying to the nest seeds 

 which they have collected from the ground or else have cut from plants; 

 these seeds are stored in " granaries" several feet underground and are 

 eventually used as food. The ants prefer the seeds of a grass, Aristida 

 oligantha, but the oft-repeated statement that they sow the seeds of this 

 11 ant-rice," guard it and weed it, is denied by Wheeler. 



Notwithstanding the elaborate studies of McCook upon this subject, 

 there still remain not a few essential questions to be answered. 



Myrmecophilism. To add to the complexity of ant-life, the nests 

 of ants, when at all extensive, are frequented by a great variety of other 

 arthropods, which on account of their association with ants are termed 

 myrmecophiles. Most of these are insects, of which Wasmann has 

 catalogued 1,200 species, but not a few are spiders, mites, crustaceans, 

 etc. Though the diverse relations between myrmecophiles and ants 

 are but partially understood, these aliens may for convenience be con- 

 sidered under five groups : captives, guests, visitors, intruders and parasites . 

 Captives. Besides enslaving other species, as already mentioned, 

 ants make use of aphids and some coccids for the sake of their palatable 

 products. The attendance of ants upon colonies of plant lice is a com- 

 mon occurrence and one that repays careful observation. With the 



