395 



growths. Stirtetiiti tmirmorntii OCCUH u-uall\ on 01 near theli. 

 rovered >ur!',i 



Eastern Deciduous Forest Formation.- Herbaceous Associations. 

 Hot dry rlrarin.u^. Grasshoppers are nunicrou- both in individual 



pecies. In order of abundance: \feltitwplus nllunis, Camnula 

 /><7/m7</<7, Dissosleirii Carolina (Carolina locust), etc. 



Thicket and ft ramble Associations. M. brcittatus occasional 

 >hrubs. M . atlanis and others occur on the ground. 



Local Associations.- Dry Beach. Pure sand, dry and shifting, 

 with full exposure to sun and wind. Here are several species of grass- 

 hoppers, which occur also in other habitats. Tr inter otro pis maritime 

 (the seaside grasshopper, p. 196) is, however, limited to this habitat, 

 and has the same brownish color as the sand. 



Marsh Associations. Several species of grasshoppers are found in 

 the tall, rather close, sedge or grass growths. Stenobothris curtipennis 

 is the characteristic grasshopper of littoral situations. 



Rudcral Associations. Dry Grassland. Waste places, dry pastures, 

 abandoned fields, roadsides, etc. In order of importance: M. atlanis, 

 Camnula pellucida, M. bimttatus, Dissosteira Carolina, Arphia pseudo- 

 nietana. All these species, with the possible exception of the last, are 

 more abundant in ruderal than in native vegetation. 



Sparsely Vegetated or Bare Soil. The (Edipodinae normally rest on 

 bare soil and oviposit in it. Bare soil as a habitat is, however, not 

 sufficient; nearby vegetation is necessary. Grasshoppers are rare on 

 extensive areas of bare soil, except at the borders. They are conspicu- 

 ous on bare places, but are more abundant in the interspaces between 

 plants, in open growths. The Carolina locust, Dissosteira Carolina, is 

 the most familiar species of bare soil, though other species have the 

 same habitat. 



Meadow A ssociations. Variable in character. In a bluegrass-white 

 clover meadow, M. atlanis and Stenobothris curtipennis are of about equal 

 abundance. The red-legged locust, M . femur -rubrum is more abundant 

 than these in such places, in some localities. The differential locust, 

 M . dijjerentialis , is typical in meadow habitats. 



1. Grasshoppers are more abundant, in species and in individuals, 

 in herbaceous or grassland habitats than in forest, and more abundant 

 in dry than in moist or wet situations. 



2. Certain species are much more restricted than others in range of 

 habitats, and in accompanying range of toleration of physical and 



tational factors of the environment. 



