Xiv CONTENTS. 



CHAP. XXVIII. Estimates of ike cost of labour applied to marling. 



The proper grounds for estimates, 318. Cost of the labour of a negro man, 319 of boy, 

 woman, and girl, 320 ; of working horse and mule, 320 ; costs of carts and implements, 

 321. These estimates applied to particular operations of marling, 322 to 326. 



CHAP. XXIX. Details of actual and extensive marling, labours. 



Actual labours on low-lying andf wet marl, 327. Marl and accompanying beds described, 

 328-9. Excavation in small perpendicular pits, 329. Horizontal plan of diggings, 330-31. 

 Beginning and progress of labour, 329, 333. Work of a single mule, 334 to 339. Esti- 

 mated cost of the work, and remarks, 336 to 341. Excavating marl in large graduated 

 pits, 342 to 350. Savings of expense before incurred. 351-52. Expenses at various dis- 

 tances, and rule for estimating, 353. Hazard of large excavations, 354. Quantity of marl 

 removed, 355. 



CHAP. XXX. Tlie progress of marling in Virginia. 



Usual obstacles to the progress of all new improvements in agriculture, 356. The beginning 

 and progress of marling in Virginia, and general condition (in 1842), 357 to 360. Liming, 

 860. General effects of the use of calcareous manures in Virginia (to 1850), on values of 

 lands and products of taxation, general wealth, and population, 300 to 363. 



APPENDIX. 



Introductory remarks 363 



NOTE I. Additional proof, offered in the production and existence of 

 black waters, of the action of lime in combining vegetable matters with 

 soil. 



Black waters of certain streams and ponds, and absence of colouring matter in others, 363 to 

 365. Causes, 365. Proofs and illustrations, 366. Clearness of lime-stone water, 367. Facts 

 and causes of black waters, 368 to 371. 



NOTE II. The statements of British authors on "marl," and their 

 applications of the name generally incorrect, and often contradictory. 



Subject stated, 371-2. Correct definitions of marl, 373. Clay and shell marl, 374. "Marls" 

 not calcareous, 375-6. Old authors. Marls not known to be calcareous by their describers, 

 377 to 380. American opinions deduced from English books, 380. Other manures not 

 valued for their known calcareous parts, 381. Errors of modern writers, 382; Arthur 

 Young, 382 to 385 ; Lord Kames and Sir John Sinclair, 386. Cases of English marling not 

 serving to make soil calcareous, 387-8. Sir John Sinclair confounding the operations of 

 carbonate, phosphate, and sulphate of lime, 389. Marling of Norfolk, 390. Clays of New 

 York calcareous, 391. Marshall's notices of marl and marling, 391 to 394. Errors of 

 Farmers' Journal, 395. Fossil sea-shell beds (or marl of Virginia) in Europe, 395. Faluns 

 and falunage, of France, 397-8. Oldest and English views of the marl (now so called) of 

 Virginia, 399. Deductions, 399, 400. Marl and marling of the ancients notices by Varro 

 and Pliny, 401-2. 



NOTE III. The earliest known successful applications of fossil shells as 



manure. 



Oldest applications unsuccessful, 403-4. First successful use in Virginia, 405, and in Mary- 

 land, 405. John Taylor's slighting opinion, 406. Marling of John Singleton, 406 to 408. 



NOTE IV. First views which led to marling in Prince George county. 



The author's early lessons and opinions, and errors in farming, 410-11. Former condition 

 of his land, and sources of opinions, 412. Taylor's and Davy's doctrines, 413. Acid in 



423-4. Damage caused by marling, 42-1 to 426. 



NOTE V. Description and account of the different kinds of marl, and 

 of the gypseous earth of the tide-water region of Virginia. 



Need for the information to be offered, 427. Character, constitution, and formation of true 

 marl, 428 to 430. Classification of marls, 431. Chalk and rotten lime-stone, 432. Travertin, 



