CONTENTS 



(1) Development of the teeth. (2) Atrophy of the 

 superior glume (Lolium). (3) Degeneration of 

 Palese (composite flowers) and of stamens 

 (Scrophulariaceae) .... 261 



2. Atrophy from lack of use . . . 263 



1. Functional inutility : (1) Etiolated plants and 



immobile limbs. (2) Epicotyl and primary leaf 

 of Nympkaea. (3) Roots of Utricularia ; coty- 

 ledons of parasitic plants (Cuscuta, Orobanche) ; 

 leaves transformed to spines in Phyllocactus 

 crenatm. (4) Atrophy of the branchial arches in 

 mammals. (5) Atrophy of ventral fins ( Pediculati, 

 Protopterus). (6) Atrophy of muscles (Cetacea, 

 Sirenia). (7) Atrophy of the tail in man. (8) 

 Degeneration of the hyoid apparatus in man 

 and birds ...... 263 



2. Transference of function : (1) Atrophy of the tail 



in Batrachia anura, and the larval gills in some 

 insects. (2) Disappearance of limbs (Slow- 

 worms, Amphisbsena, Snakes, Eels, and Saccu- 

 lina). (3) Atrophy of the leaf (acacia with phyl- 

 lodes,Xylophylla). (4) Atrophy of the pro tonema 

 in mosses, and of the leaves in some xerophilus 

 plants (Muehleribeckia platyclados, Genista, 

 Spartium, Alhagi). (5) Disappearance of the 

 calyx. (6) Atrophy of roots (Pine, Beech, 

 Corallorhyza, Myrmechis, Tillandsia usneoides), 

 or of leaves and stems (Tceniophyllum Zollin- 

 geri, Podostemacece) . . . 268 



3. Atrophy from lack of nutrition . . . 274 



1. Parasitic castration (Metandryum album). 2. 

 Severe or prolonged compression of a limb. 



3. Atrophy of the genitalia in neuter bees. 



4. Atrophy of the superior flowers in Carex. 



5. Atrophy of pistils and stamens (Fritillaria 

 persica, Viburnam tomentosiim, Viburnam Opulus) 274 



4. Atrophy without apparent cause . . . 278 



Atrophy of perianth (Artemisia, Poterium). Atrophy 

 of the "eyes (Myriopodes, Cymothoe). Correlative 

 atrophy ...... 278 



