CONTENTS 



4. Public or collective property (Switzerland). 



5. Corporative property (Belgium). 6. Private 

 property (Switzerland). 7. Summary . . 100 



PART II. Degeneration in the evolution of orgauisms and 



societies . . . . ' . . . 115 



Che ier 1. All organisms exhibit rudimentary organs ,- 115 



Section I. Rudimentary organs of animals . . 117 



1. Rudimentary organs in man .... 117 



1. Integumentary system. 2. Skeleton. 3. Mus- 

 cular system. 4. Nervous system. 5. Digestive 

 system. 6. Vascular system. 7. Sense organs. 

 8. Genito-urinary system . . . 117 



2. Rudimentary organs in various groups ; . 121 



1. Ccelenterates. 2. Worms. 3. Echinoderms. 4. 



Mollusca. 5. Arthropodes. 6. Vertebrates . 121 



Section II. Rudimentary organs in plants . . 145 



3. Rudimentary organs in various groups of plants . 145 

 1. Algae. 2. Mushrooms. 3. Bryophyta. 4. Pteri- 



dophyta. 5. Phanerogams . . . . 145 



4. Reduced organs in the vegetative apparatus of the 



Phanerogams . . . . . 149 



Chapter II. Survivals exist in all kinds of societies . . 151 



1 . Instances of survival in various groups . . 153 



(1) Instances of survival in the most modern social 

 groups (the United States) . %".-., . 155 



(2) Instances of survival in less civilized social groups 

 (Veddahs, Fuegoes, Australian tribes ._ . 156 



2. Survivals of ancient forms of marriage, and of the 



far lily in Modern Europe .... 161 



1. Forms of marriage. (1) Marriage by capture. (2) 

 Marriage by purchase. (3) Marriage by consent 

 of both parties (marriage by simple consent, mar- 

 - iage in fade Ecclesice) .... 161 



2. Cf /%e Family System. (I) Matriarchy. (2) Patri- 

 archy . . . . ' . . 167 



PART III. Summary and conclusions .... 170 



