CONTENTS 



1. Adaptation to walking on two legs (man, 

 birds). 2. Adaptation to leaping (Dipus cegyp- 

 tius, kangaroo, Tarsius spectrum, Rana esculenta. 

 3. Adaptation to running (horse, ruminants). 4. 

 Adaptation to flight (birds, Pterosaurians, bats). 

 5. Adaptation to arboreal life (Arctocebus cala- 

 barensis, Chamceleo). 6. Adaptation to swimming 

 (Cetaceans, Sirenia). 7. Adaptation to burrowing 

 (Talpa curopcea, Heterocephalus) ... 46 



Section II. Modification of the organs of plants . 68 



4. Modification of homodynamic organs in the indivi- 

 dual (basilar and apical leaves) ... 68 

 1. Rosa ruffosa. 2. Serratula centauroides. 3. 

 Sagittaria sagittifolia. 4. Lathyra Aphaca. 5. 

 Nymphaea dentata . . . ... 70 



5. Modification of organs which are homologous in 



individuals of different species (foliage leaves) . 78 



1. Adaptation to climbing (Cobaeca scandens, Vicia 

 pyrenaica, Cucumis sativus). 2. Adaptation to 

 carnivorous nutrition (Utricularia, Nepenthes, 

 Drosera). 3. Adaptation to an aquatic life (Sagit- 

 taria, Nymphaea, Vallisneria, Potamogeton, Ranun- 

 culus, Ouvirandra fenestralis). 4. Adaptation to 

 defence against ants (Acacia sphaerocephala). 5. 

 Adaptation to drought (Sempervivum). 6. Adapta- 

 tion to defence against herbivorous animals 

 (Caragana, Ilex, Mamillaria, etc.) . . 78 



Chapter II. In the evolution of institutions all modification 



is necessarily accompanied by degeneration . . 90 



1. Modifications of similar institutions in the same 



society . . . . . . 91 



(1) The communal budgets of Belgium . . 92 



(2) Budget of the States of the German Empire . 95 



(3) The budgets of Germany, France, and England . 97 



2. Modification of similar institutions in different so< J 



groups (the development of landed property) . 98 



1. Family property (Montenegro). 2. Village pro- 

 perty (Russia). 3. Feudal property (England). 



