102 UNIVERSALITY OF DEGENERATIVE EVOLUTION 



not permitted to acquire landed property in 

 Montenegro, 1 and that the public are unrestricted 

 in the right to hunt over any ground they 

 choose. 2 



2. Village property (Russia). Village communes 

 and the periodical division of land the mer of 

 Eussia or the dessah of Java, for instance do 

 not represent types of a primitive system, but 

 are the outcome of a whole series of modifica- 

 tions. Kowalevsky traces the evolution of the 

 present system in Russia through the following 

 principal stages : 



1. The joint use of land by the members of one 



family group (pechische), corresponding to 

 the zadruga of the Southern Servians, and 

 sometimes comprised of more than forty 

 persons. 



2. The division of the mother- family into 



separate households, thus forming a village 

 community, and the temporary allotment 

 of the land of the community among the 

 separate families. 



1 The old Montenegrin law relating to landed property, which 

 prescribes the purchase of land in Montenegro by any but 

 Montenegrins, is still in full force. No transaction in violation 

 of it is legally binding (Dickel, tftude sur le nouveau Code civil 

 monttnfyrin). 



2 Throughout the Southern Slavonic countries, hunting is the 

 free right of all. Anyone may hunt where and how they please, 

 not only on public ground, among the mountains and forests, but 

 upop .private property, whether cultivated or not (Dickel, p. 36). 



