PART II 



DEGENERATION IN THE EVOLUTION OF ORGANISMS 

 AND SOCIETIES 



WE have seen that modification of organs and of 

 institutions is always associated with partial de- 

 generation. We have now to show that, similarly, 

 when organisms and societies become modified, de- 

 generation is shown in some of their organs or 

 institutions. This shows again the universality of 

 degenerative evolution. 



CHAPTEK I 



ALL ORGANISMS EXHIBIT RUDIMENTARY ORGANS 



ALL existing organisms have lost some organs in 

 the course of their phylogenetic development. 



This may be proved in two ways : either there 

 are remaining vestiges of these organs, or else they 

 are to be found in other creatures which may be 

 regarded as ancestors. 



"5 



