SURVIVALS EXIST IN ALL KINDS OF SOCIETIES 151 



5. In several plants the assimilative function 

 of the leaves is lost, either because the plant is 

 parasitic or saprophytic, such as Corallorhiza, 

 Rafflesia, Cuscuta and Orobanche, or because the 

 assimilative function is relegated to the stem alone 

 as in the Euphorbia of the desert, Rmcus, Mamil- 

 laria, 1 Phyllocactus, Phyllantlius, and MuhlenbecJcia, 

 or to the roots as in Tceniophyllum? 



In each of these cases the leaves are greatly 

 reduced, and only serve as a means of protection to 

 the functional organs, principally to the flowers 

 and buds, but though very minute they may often 

 be discerned quite easily on the young shoots. 3 



CHAPTEE II 



SURVIVALS EXIST IN ALL KINDS OF SOCIETIES 



IT may be said as certainly of societies as of other 

 organisms that certain modifications have taken 

 place, and that no society actually represents a 

 primitive social organization. All have been 

 submitted to more or less important modifications 

 and have lost some of their early institutions in 



1 See fig. 51. 



2 See further on the figs, of Phyllocactus (fig. 78), PhyllantJius 

 (fig. 84), Muhlenbeckia (fig. 80), and Tceniophyllum (fig. 81). 



3 Goebel, Pflanzeribiologische Schilderungen, Bd. i. 



