94 Unconscious Memory 



though l>oth have the same burrowing apparatus. The 

 hare, however, has less need of a subterranean place of 

 refuge by reason of its greater swiftness. Some birds, 

 with excellent powers of flight, are nevertheless stationary 

 in their habits, as the secretary falcon and certain other 

 birds of prey ; while even such moderate fliers as quails 

 are sometimes known to make very distant migrations. 



(b.) Like instincts may be found associated with unlike 

 organs. 



Birds with and without feet adapted for climbing live 

 in trees ; so also do monkeys with and without flexible 

 tails, squirrels, sloths, pumas, &c. Mole-crickets dig with 

 a well-pronounced spade upon their fore-feet, while the 

 burying-beetle does the same thing though it has no special 

 apparatus whatever. The mole conveys its winter pro- 

 vender in pockets, an inch long and half an inch wide, 

 within its cheeks ; the field-mouse does so without the 

 help of any such contri\-ance. The migrator}- instinct 

 displaj^s itself with equal strength in animals of widely 

 different form, by whatever means they may pursue their 

 journey, whether by water, land, or air. 



It is clear, therefore, that instinct is in great measure 

 independent of bodily organisation. Granted, indeed, that 

 a certain amount of bodily apparatus is a sine qua non for 

 an}' power of execution at all — as, for example, that there 

 would be no ingenious nest without organs more or less 

 adapted for its construction, no spinning of a web without 

 spinning glands — nevertheless, it is impossible to maintain 

 that instinct is a consequence of organisation. The mere 

 existence of the organ does not constitute even the smallest 

 incentive to any corresponding habitual activit}-'. A 

 sensation of pleasure must at least accompan}^ the use of 

 the organ before its existence can incite to its employment. 

 And even so when a sensation of pleasure has given the 

 impulse which is to render it active, it is only the fact of 

 there being activity at all, and not the special character- 

 istics of the activit}^ that can be due to organisation. 



