328 The Unity of the Organism 



It is on this ground, as I understand, that some psycholo- 

 gists, as G. F. Stout, and apparently C. Lloyd Morgan,^^ 

 deny personality to animals. All I will say on this question 

 here is that I am quite sure that every close observer of the 

 higher animals will recognize that if he undertakes to give a 

 truly full report of his observations on their behavior he will 

 have to speak of the personality of some at least of them 

 just as he would of the personality of observed human beings, 

 or he will be obliged to call the same thing by some other 

 name — a kind of procedure against which we have spoken 

 strongly throughout this volume. For us, whatever person- 

 ality may be, we must conceive it to be founded upon, and 

 conformable to, the organism. "Organism" must be the more 

 inclusive term. "Person" must stand to "Organism" in the 

 logical relation of species to genus. 



Another meaning of personality in this particular dis- 

 cussion will concern the uniqueness of each organism as to its 

 psychical attributes regarded in their totality. By unique- 

 ness I mean not merely the fact that each organism is itself, 

 perceptually regarded, but that it is not a replica, a dupli- 

 cate of any other. It is not only another organism but it is 

 in some measure a different other organism. For the benefit 

 of those physical- and metaphysical-minded readers who have 

 never informed themselves much about the facts of natural 

 history and have never tried seriously to think in the nat- 

 ural history manner I would remark that what I have just 

 said concerning the uniqueness of the individual organism 

 is only re-asserting in a more refined way what botany and 

 zoology have recognized more or less definitely since Dar- 

 win's time at least, and have partially expressed in the terms 

 "individual difference" and "individual variation." 



With this we come to the cardinal point: If individual 

 animal organisms, especially individual humans under civi- 

 lization, he contemplated with due heed to the motto ^'neglect 

 nothijig'' the conviction will be reached that each and every 



