Cell-Theory not Sufficient for Explainvng Organism 193 



existed only in complete subordination to its will, if one 

 may so speak." 



And this from Lillie : "The traditional view, held by many 

 embryologists at the present day, is that the physiological 

 unity arises in the course of embryonic development of the 

 secondary adaptation of originally independent parts to 

 one another. But this explanation has, in my opinion, be- 

 come untenable, and must be replaced by the view that 

 there are certain properties of the w^hole, constituting a 

 principle of unity of organization, that are part of the 

 original inheritance, and thus continuous through the cycles 

 of the generations and do not arise anew in each." 



And finally this statement by Conklin of the often ex- 

 pressed perception that the germ-cell and the adult organ- 

 ism which develops from it are one and the same individual: 

 "Furthermore, from its earliest to its latest stage an indi- 

 vidual is one and the same organism ; the Qgg of a frog is a 

 frog in an early stage of development." 



Recognizing in these four statements a sort of concen- 

 trated solution of the evidence of our whole discussion of 

 the cell-theory, that the cells of multicellular organisms are 

 really organs of the organisms ; that they are not inde- 

 pendent, ultimate life units but on the contrary exist be- 

 cause of and in subordination to the organism, how escape 

 seeing that in such general physico-chemical presentations 

 of the nature of living substance as those quoted from Hop- 

 kins whenever the term cell occurs the term organism really 

 ought to be used? The compulsion to such substitution is 

 especially direct and compelling from the perception, as 

 expressed by Conklin, that a frog, for instance, is one and 

 the same organism whether in the one-celled stage, that is, 

 existing as a cell, or in the many-celled stage. 



But bringing the language of natural history into jiLxta- 

 positlon with that of biochemistry, as we are here doing, 

 accomplishes more than merely to reveal the necessity for 



